Embryonic Stem Cell Solution for American Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1562 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/19 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? More than thirty years ago, in 1981, scientists were able to successfully extract embryonic stem cells from mice, effectively opening a door to new discoveries in scientific and medical fields. Stem cells are unspecialized cells meaning that they have no set function in the body. Scientists have also found ways to influence these cells into becoming tissues, organ-specific cells, and other specialized cells. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Embryonic Stem Cell Solution for American Culture" essay for you Create order In addition to this, they are also capable of replenishing themselves through cell devision. However, this research has since moved onto human testing, essentially creating some major moral issues. The biggest dilemma being: in order to obtain the embryonic stem cells, potential human life must be destroyed. However, the stem cells can alleviate the suffering of living people. In order to find a practical solution looking through a cultural lens will help see the beneficial and inimical effects on people within the U.S. Though research on these cells is still being conducted, these moral problems are hindering funding. Yet, it is important to find a solution because stem cells hold the potential to fix a plethora of health issues. While this experimentation creates difficulty in Americas culture, it is important to continue the research so the process can be perfected in order to help meet citizens medical needs. One reason why this research is struggling is lack of experience and practice with these cells, meaning some embryos are not being used fully, and their lives are ending unnecessarily. In America this brings up many problems due to the many religions that believe in preserving life, and assert that life begins when conceived. However, one possible solution would be developing adult stem cells in order to have as much flexibility as embryonic stem cells. Dennis Hollinger, president as well as distinguished professor of Christian Ethics at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, argues that Healing is regarded as the greatest good which will usher in the most happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. Though he thinks embryonic stem cells are still the way to go, he is not wrong about health bringing happiness. In an article by University of Notre Dame on alternative stem cell sources they suggest using Induced Pluripotent Stem cells. These are taken from s omatic cells and adding small amount of specific genes into them, thus, iPS cells do not result in the death of any embryos or require the use of unfertilized eggs. This substitute could be a good a sturdy solution to using stem cells from embryos, and help the overall health of U.S. citizens. Adding to the issue of ending life unnecessarily, another ethical or theological problem is that this can be seen as playing God. Peter Dabrock is a German theologian as well as a university teacher at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, explains this well by saying If human beings try to conquer the position of the one who embodies the most fundamental difference from mankind, namely God, they are suspected of exceeding the limits of man and thus of responsible behavior. Though according to John Tierney, writer for the New York Times, this has now spread to cloning was well as genetic engineering making critics on the right and the left fret about the morality of stem-cell research. Of course this is unsettling and only adds to the negative connotation associated with embryonic stem cell research. While the stem cells are thought to be developed in the future, it is also thought to be very expensive. The process of procuring the cells is very challenging, so having them used in medical practices would be costly. Though it is slowly becoming more affordable, it still coasts a few thousand for treatment. According to Paul Knoepfler, regular contributor to the Niche as well as professor at Davis School of Medicine, reduced prices start at $7,000 to $8,000. Knoepfler also states that Whether inside or outside the US, insurance does not cover the costs of these potentially dangerous, unproven treatments. This is concerning considering a survey from The Commonwealth Fund shows about 79 million Americans struggle to pay medical bills for basic healthcare. In addition to these cells conflicting with religious and moral beliefs, and common healthcare they have also started effecting American politics. Within the past few decades the pro-life movement has had great influence in the U.S. However, policy debates over embryonic stem cell research during the Presidency of George W. Bush exposed deep, moral fissures amongst American conservatives. states Alexander smith, Senior Leverhulme Research Fellow and Assistant Professor in Sociology at Warwick University. From this debate of medical v.s. the religious right, the dickey-wicker amendment was made, stating that federal funding for research pertaining to human embryos is no longer legal. Yet, during Bill Clintons presidency the law was interpreted to allow research onstemcells that were obtained, to begin with, using private funds. Says Peter Grier regular writer for The Christian Science Monitor, as well as co-winner of the Society of Professional Journalists National Reporting Award. Th is is important of course because politics lead people, and presidents guide the citizens. Despite the loss of possible life, many still favor the stem cells for their versatile uses. According to a pie chart, put out by Your Congress† Your Health Survey Charlton Research Company for Research! America in 2009, 39% of Americans strongly favor the expansion of this research. Though these stem cells provide promise for cures to many ailments there are many other solutions. According an article by Krista Conger, a science writer for the medical schools Office of Communication Public Affairs, Vice President for Research and Economic Development at Montana state university Renee Reijo Pera says that only about 30% of embryos develop to the blastocyst stage. This is crucial three to five day period after fertilization because it is when the stem cells are extracted. Even when they do reach this phase seven out of ten embryos will have abnormal chromosomes. Though some make it through this process they are also capable of triggering responses within the human body, as menti oned before, because they are unrecognized. They may also struggle with their set function within the body, essentially meaning they failed. Thus, it is simply wiser to develop other types of stem cells, even if they are not as multifaceted. In the end, it is important Americans take action to protect all life no matter how young and no matter how small. The research started all those years ago started with mice, and has now spread to politics, religion, and medical debates within the U.S. Though this research can help alleviate suffering of people we must be aware of the cost. At the end of the day, this experimentation and research the forbidding expansion of medical cures rises from the lost lives of these embryos. Works Cited Americans Favor Expanding Federal Funding for ESC Research Your Congress† Your Health Survey Charlton Research Company for Research! America, June 2009. newvoicesforresearch.blogspot.com/2009/08/where-do-americans-stand-on-stem-cell.html. Accessed 14 December. 2018. Cha, Ariana Eunjung. How Religion Is Coming to Terms with Modern Fertility Methods.The Washington Post, WP Company, 27 Apr. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/how-religion-is-coming-to-terms-with-modern-fertility-methods/?utm_term=.9f397129e2b4. Accessed 14 December 2018. Conger, Krista. Earlier, More Accurate Prediction of Embryo Survival Enabled by Research. EHR National Symposium, Standford School of Medicine , 28 Oct. 2009, med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2010/10/earlier-more-accurate-prediction-of-embryo-survival-enabled-by-research.html. Accessed 14 December 2018. Dabrock, Peter. Playing God? Synthetic biology as a theological and ethical challenge Systems and synthetic biology vol. 3,1-4 (2009): 47-54. Accessed 14 December 2018. Grier, Peter. In Stem-Cell Debate, a Culture War. (Cover Story).Christian Science Monitor, vol. 93, no. 155, 6 July 2001, p. 1.EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=4762641site=ehost-live. Accessed 14 December 2018. Hollinger, Dennis P. Stem Cells Our Moral Culture.The Center for Bioethics Human Dignity, Trinity International University , 15 Nov. 2001, cbhd.org/content/stem-cells-our-moral-culture. Accessed 14 December 2018. Holt, Nathalia. The Case for Fetal-Cell Research.The New York Times, The New York Times, 30 July 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/opinion/the-case-for-fetal-cell-research.html. Accessed 14 December 2018. Jensen, David. Stem Cell: Feds Crackdown Could Affect California.Capitol Weekly, 3 Oct. 2018, capitolweekly.net/stem-cell-feds-crackdown-california/. Accessed 14 December 2018. Knoepfler, Paul. How Much Do Stem Cell Treatments Really Cost? The Niche, 22 Feb. 2015, ipscell.com/2015/02/stemcelltreatmentcost/.Accessed 9 December 2018 Smith, Alexander Thomas T. Faith, Science and the Political Imagination: Moderate Republicans and the Politics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research.Sociological Review, vol. 58, no. 4, Nov. 2010, pp. 623â€Å"637.EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01943.x. Accessed 14 December. 2018. Stem Cell Division: Abortion Law and Its Influence on the Adoption of Radically Different Embryonic Stem Cell Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany.Texas International Law Journal, vol. 39, no. 3, Spring 2004, pp. 479â€Å"519.EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=13663931site=ehost-live. Accessed 14 December 2018. Stem Cells: Frequently Asked Questions about Stem Cell Research.Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 24 Oct. 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117. Survey: 79 Million Americans Have Problems with Medical Bills or Debt. Commonwealth Fund, www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter-article/survey-79-million-americans-have-problems-medical-bills-or-debt. Accessed 14 December 2018. Tierney, John. Are Scientists Playing God? It Depends on Your Religion . The New York Times, The New York Times, 20 Nov. 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/science/20tier.html?mtrref=www.google.comgwh=39F729F1AC3AFA2ADFFCA657444CF4F3gwt=pay. Accessed 14 December 2018. University of Notre Dame. Alternative Stem Cell Sources // Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine // University of Notre Dame. Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, stemcell.nd.edu/research/alternative-stem-cell-sources/. Accessed 14 December 2018.

Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

Introduction The qualitative and quantitative research methods are typically applied in the field of social research. There has been a lot of debate on the relative advantages between the two designs among researchers almost more than on any other issue of methodology. The quantitative research design encompasses methods which focus on numbers, that is, quantities. The data collected in this design is usually in numbers which are then analyzed using statistical and mechanical methods. This design is highly associated with the field of science such as in practical done in a laboratory (Gall et al 2003). On the other hand, qualitative design normally uses words to explain wider concepts that cannot be captured mathematically such as†¦show more content†¦This research method seeks to experiment on certain issues upon which it seeks to come up with universal generalizations (Timmons 2005). Qualitative Method Unlike in the previous method, this research method involves collecting, interpreting and analyzing information by observing and listening to people. This method normally looks for meanings of concepts. It attempts to seek description and characteristic of things including feelings, attitudes, symbols and signs (Schostac 2006). This method is generally subjective and normally employs purposeful sampling where specific respondents are targeted. The questions in this method are generally open and the respondent is not limited to the kind of information that he can give. To obtain relevant information, in depth interviews are normally conducted. The information obtained in this method is assumed to reflect a reality on the ground since the method usually expresses results based on the actual response generated by respondents. Differences One common difference between the two is that quantitative method is objective while qualitative is subjective. This implies that the quantitative method attempts to come up with specific conclusions based on their data finding. For instance, a study on abuse of drugs among 16 year olds in the US may be concluded to say that 2 out of every 5 under 16’s are exposed tom alcohol before they join high school (Timmons, 2005). On the other hand,Show MoreRelatedQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analyses characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical measurements. 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Please use scholarly, academicRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Methods Of Research Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Quantitative versus qualitative (Lichtman, M. 2006) It is true that most of the management in the business world go for mixed methodologies in order to attain comprehensive and accurate findings of the research. Having said that there are pros and cons of both the methods that are taken into account by the management in order to achieve set goals and overcome hindrances in the business. Qualitative method of research is a speedy process that provides fresh and inventive results with in- depth analysis

Case Study Team and Team Processes Free Essays

In the case study Team and Team Processes, Nurse A and Nurse B have two different concepts of what is team work. Johnson (2009) states that,† a team is a type of group. Consequently, all teams are groups, but not all groups are teams. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Team and Team Processes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following three interventions will discuss conflict management, role conflict, and striving toward the same goal. This paper will discuss the case study variances in Nurse A and Nurse B teams. In the following paper I will classify a minimum of three interventions to recommend addressing concerns expressed by Nurse B. The interventions being discussed are conflict management, role conflict, and striving toward the same goal. In closing, the recommended interventions will be justified and explanation. A group consists of two or more people who interact with each other and share a common purpose (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). A team is a type of group (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). Teams are a critical fragment of any group, particularly within healthcare organization. Each person on a team plays a vital role in ensuring that all needs are met, task are completed daily, and patients are being cared for properly. Teams are an important portion of any organization, particularly within healthcare. Each person on a team plays a vibrant part in confirming all organization prerequisites are met, undertaking are complete regularly, and patients are properly being cared for. Teamwork and collaboration between all health professionals results in high quality clinical care, and increased job satisfaction for staff (Begley, 2009). When team members disagree on the same goal, usually it ends in conflict among the team. Healthcare managers understand it is important to control and manage conflicts within the organization. The fundamentals to positive conflict management is for both teams to assist in solving the conflict and problem oppose to proving each other wrong. In the case study Nurse B express concerns regarding working with equivalent staff members of the surgical team. The moral and atmosphere of the team is increasingly deteriorating. In addition, the team’s job contentment and desire to go to work has severely been impacted. For a team to be effective providing quality care, the atmosphere of the team should be received and respected. Better outcomes will be achieved when team members perceive supportive team atmosphere and an empowering team contact with clear and jointly developed goals, an appropriate mix of skill and expertise, and rewards links to team performance (Proenca 2007). After additional analysis of the case study, conflict management among team members should always be addressed. Resolving conflict can be a continuous balancing act for healthcare staff because it is demanding and confusing. Conflict management is vital for the success of healthcare organizations. Learning, as an organization, to constructively manage and succeed in conflict situations is a foundational construct of leadership and management (Ledlow, 2009). Currently six different conflict styles exist: (1) accommodating, (2) avoiding, (3) collaborating, (4) competing, (5) compromising and (6) problem solving. The surgical team displays conflict style of avoiding â€Å"potential disruption outweighs the benefits of resolution, gathering information supersedes immediate decision making, others can resolve the conflict more effectively and issues seem a result of other issues,† (Ledlow, 2009). Nurse B instead of having to contract the Physician Assistant regarding the issues, should have been comfortable enough to address the concern with the physician. The surgical team of Nurse B is experiencing role conflict. Conflict arises when a focal person’s ideas of his or her requirements are incongruent with expectations from roles set members (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). In healthcare organization it is important for all staff to know and understand his or her role. For Nurse B team to be an effective and successful team each member should identify what type of teams is essential and mutually allows the job to get done. When the teams comes together the effort will demonstrate group cohesion. Once the team is established, each member must continuously try to strive towards the same objectives and goals. A good recommendation for Nurse B surgical team is Intervention techniques. Intervention always help to improve situations among the team. Intervention can be wither conflict resolution or training sessions, team structure made by changes, and developing guidelines identifying team members roles. Intervention provides training for team members on what procedures are current and procedures no longer being utilized. Goal setting training leads to greater effectiveness at the individual level and improved team efficiency (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). In conclusion, the surgical team of Nurse B will be effective once team’s members identify his or her conflicts and works as a team, consequently refining the effectiveness and value of the unit. In a team, individuals’ actions are interdependent and coordinated, each member has a specified role, and members share common task goals or objectives (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). Conflict management and role conflict can hinder the success of a team. Role conflict arises when a focal person’s ideas of his or her requirements are incongruent with expectations from role set members (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). Communication and trust is important to any team with a healthcare organization. A key element to healthy group dynamics is role expectation or communication. Healthcare manager’s role is to ensure that every person of the team understands what his or her role are. . Healthcare administrators must take steps to design better teams, train team members to work together, manage team performance, structure the work performed by the team and provide support to team members (Erpfeev, Glazer Ivanitskaya, 2009). How to cite Case Study Team and Team Processes, Free Case study samples

Pretty Hurts by Beyonce Essay Example For Students

Pretty Hurts by Beyonce Essay Looks are a huge part of women’s lives. Being perfect according to society’s strictures and portrayal is what most young women strive. The fact is film, visual advertisements, television and other forms of social media plays a huge part in the idea of what people should look like in terms of beauty In Beyonce’s music video for Pretty Hurts, she shows how the constant pressure for women to meet unrealistic standards of beauty is painful. In her video, she shows multiple examples of how this pressure can ruin any young girl’s life. The visual opens by showing a group of women getting ready for a beauty pageant. The girls are constantly fighting and giving each other ugly looks. A man begins to take Beyonce’s weight and measurements. Unhappy with the weight of his subject, he begins to coach the girls telling them how to stand, walk, wave, smile, yet nothing the women are doing is good enough for him. The film shows her working out and striving to be skinnier, but is disappointed when she steps on the scale. During the pageant, the host asks Beyonce the question, â€Å"what is your aspiration in life? † She is left speechless, and then show her falling into water. She continues to repeat the question, then finally says she wants to be happy. The next scene shows her smashing all her trophies she has from other pageants. Girls are eating cotton balls soaked in orange juice, and others are throwing up in the bathroom. Spray tans are being sprayed on, and then it shows Beyonce being prepped to getting a face lift. In the end of the beauty pageant, she doesn’t win. This shows that all of the ridiculousness isn’t worth the pain young women go through. Without a doubt, this video shows how society has created this unrealistic body image that women feel like they need to achieve obviously making these women constantly critiquing themselves and focusing on their supposed flaws. Beyonce is shown prepping for a face-lift and Botox representing all the things that women go through to keep up with the pressure that society puts on them. Some people go to extreme measures to achieve what they think is the perfect body. Women will have surgeries, go on crazy eating diets such as the cotton balls soaked in orange juice or throwing up after a meal, or simply will not eat at all. It all has a very negative effect on women and that is exactly what she is trying to show. The video is really a behind the scenes look into societys take on beauty and how it doesnt bring you happiness and it doesnt move you forward in life Beyonce’s song got a lot of positive feedback. Society believed it was about time someone stood up and spoke about the fatal consequences that our common pursuit of the perfect body can have. Showing the world how negative these unrealistic standards can be to yourself can help others realize that it’s okay if you do not have the perfect body. Do what makes you happy and love every bit of yourself. But, there was also some negative feedback. Some people see the video as Beyonce being significantly thinner than before her pregnancy, creating the yearning for those watching the video to look like her, and to do exactly what she sings about. Singing about not wanting to play the ridiculous game of beauty and perfection anymore, but looking exactly like the people she doesnt want to be should not just be seen as a harmless side effect of show biz. Society can fix this in many ways. Everyone gets this â€Å"perfect body† idea from the media such as movies, magazines, commercials, posters, and more. Most of these models or actors are very petite women, which makes other women think that they need to be that small. So, if there were more average sized models, more women would feel like their body is beautiful.

Capitalism Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism,

Capitalism Capitalism A form of economic order characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the freedom of private owners to use, buy and sell their property or services on the market at voluntarily agreed prices and terms, with only minimal interference with such transactions by the state or other authoritative third parties. Communism 1.Any ideology based on the communal ownership of all property and a classless social structure, with economic production and distribution to be directed and regulated by means of an authoritative economic plan that supposedly embodies the interests of the community as a whole. Karl Marx is today the most famous early theoretician of communism, but he did not invent the term or the basic social ideals, which he mostly borrowed and adapted from the less systematic theories of earlier French utopian socialists -- grafting these onto a philosophical framework Marx derived from the German philosophers Hegel and Feuerbach, while adding in a number of economic theories derived from his reinterpretation of the writings of such early political economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. In most versions of the communist utopia, everyone would be expected to co-operate enthusiastically in the process of production, but the individual citizen's equal rights of access to consumer goods would be completely unaffected by his/her own individual contribution to production -- hence Karl Marx's famous slogan "From each according to his ability; to each according to his need." The Marxian and other 19th century communist utopias also were expected to dispense with such "relics of the past" as trading, money, prices, wages, profits, interest, land-rent, calculations of profit and loss, contracts, banking, insurance, lawsuits, etc. It was expected that such a radical reordering of the economic sphere of life would also more or less rapidly lead to the elimination of all other major social problems such as class conflict, political oppression, racial discrimination, the inequality of the sexes, religious bigotry, and cultural backwardness -- as well as put an end to such more "psychological" forms of suffering as alienation, anomie, and feelings of powerlessness. 2.The specifically Marxist-Leninist variant of socialism which emphasizes that a truly communist society can be achieved only through the violent overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a "dictatorship of the proletariat" that is to prepare the way for the future idealized society of communism under the authoritarian guidance of a hierarchical and disciplined Communist Party. 3.A world-wide revolutionary political movement inspired by the October Revolution (Red Oktober) in Russia in 1917 and advocating the establishment everywhere of political, economic, and social institutions and policies modeled on those of the Soviet Union (or, in some later versions, China or Albania) as a means for eventually attaining a communist society. Socialism A class of ideologies favoring an economic system in which all or most productive resources are the property of the government, in which the production and distribution of goods and services are administered primarily by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which any remaining private production and distribution (socialists differ on how much of this is tolerable) is heavily regulated by the government rather than by market processes. Both democratic and non-democratic socialists insist that the government they envision as running the economy must in principle be one that truly reflects the will of the masses of the population (or at least their "true" best interests), but of course they differ considerably in their ideas about what sorts of political institutions and practices are required to ensure this will be so. In practice, socialist economic principles may be combined with an extremely wide range of attitudes toward personal freedom, civil liberties, mass political participation, bureaucracy and political competition, ranging from Western European democratic socialism to the more authoritarian socialisms of many third world regimes to the totalitarian excesses of Soviet-style socialism or communism.

the wicked shall inherit the e essays

the wicked shall inherit the e essays In the movie Pennies from Heaven there are many characters that lead unscrupulous lives. These characters seem as if they are unable to separate the real world from the song-like dream world in their heads. This alternate reality seems to enable them to behave terribly, and then think nothing of it. In fact, this movie seems to portray that the worse a person is, the better everything turns out for them. The main character in this movie is a man by the name of Arthur Parker. Arthur is the perfect example of this; he is a very selfish character. He demonstrates how selfish he is right from the start of the movie. In the beginning he lies to Joan in order to take her inheritance. Arthur wants to buy a store and start a business selling records. He tells Joan that he went to the bank and the manager said, Borrow what you like. A fellow like you is no risk, no risk at all. Joan questions him by asking. Is that true Arthur? He then makes her feel bad for not giving him the money by saying, I said I dont want it. My wifes got some cash and shell support me. Since Joan questioned Arthurs honesty, it is obvious that he has deceived her in the past. As a matter of fact she was right to question him, because he was lying to her. He didnt go to the bank until after their discussion, and when he did go he was turned down. Another time Arthur acted deceitfully was when he pretended to be sweet and innocent regarding Eileen Everson. When he first met her he was in a music store, after she left the owner made the comment, You know what she needs dont ya? Arthur pretended to be upset at this when he replied, Dont talk about a lady like that. On another occasion Arthur was in a bar with a few companions and let on that he met a girl. They ask him a few questions regarding whether or not he had sex with her. Their questioni...

Call vs Put Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Call vs Put Options - Essay Example Again, they are guaranteed of no losses. Financial options are perhaps a better way to attract investors in stock companies and encourage them to invest. However, I think because they are not ready to take risks with their shares they could be at a disadvantage if their stocks are bought or sold at higher values other than the agreed upon values. In my opinion, financial options can be good or bad. The buying contracts reduce risks in the event of a negative outcome. The buyer is somewhat protected while the trader increases gains and reduces losses. This is especially important given the volatile nature of the stock market as affected by issues such as fluctuating interest rates, exchange rates, and other market forces. Perhaps a major disadvantage of the two options is losing part of, or the whole contract price. Again, there is the risk of broker insolvency or non-fulfillment of contractual

CONFLICT AND IDENTITY THEME BETWEEN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND CHECHNYA Essay

CONFLICT AND IDENTITY THEME BETWEEN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND CHECHNYA - Essay Example Despite the fact that the two superpowers were allies during the World War II, they, however, differed on views pertaining to post-war reconstruction as one was pursuing capitalism, while the other was socialism, and this diversion is said to be the root cause of the world's bipolarity. The USSR sought alliances from its established satellites in Eastern Europe as well as Latin America and South East Asia, influenced these nations towards Socialism and Communism, while the U. S. sought the containment of communism and established several alliances to this end, particularly in Western Europe and the East. The USSR found allies in other communist regimes in Eastern Europe such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Romania, East Germany, and Finland, making the political machinery and arsenal of Communism spread strongly. Despite informal expression of war between the US and USSR, the Cold War period was characterized by international crises such as the Korean War in 1950-53, the Berlin Blockade in 1948-49, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War in 1959-1975, the Soviet-Afghan War in 1979-89, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 (Wohlforth 1993). However, the potential for mutually assured destruction through deliverable nuclear weapons deterred direct military attacks between the US and USSR. When the Cold War drew close to the period of 1990s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika, unclothing the real face of classical revisionism, which he called Socialism, while the US increased diplomatic, economic, and military pressure on the USSR. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 alongside the ideologies of revisionism, the United States was left as the only triumphant superpower in a unipolar world. As this paper intends to present an artifact that would convey a conflict and identity between Prague and another country under USSR during the cold war, such artifact chosen is the ammunition relic. The ammunition relic is so chosen since it fits tremendously in the then existing military and political turmoil caused against the Czech and Chechen people in the spread of communism. Apparently, the two capitals held in focus for this purpose are Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Grozny (Chechen Republic). The ammunition relic has a corresponding significant in terms of the ongoing construction and promotion of the national identity of the two countries in respect of the Cold War conflict. It symbolizes control, power, domination, and repression of people by their governments in the latter's pursuit for world recognition of the government systems that they upheld. The Relationship Between the USSR and Czechoslovakia During the Cold War The beginnings of communism in Czechoslovakia ensued in the post-World War II era. On May 1945, the USSR liberated its capital - Prague - from the Germans after a popular uprising. The mark of the true emergence of communist power in Czechoslovakia began in 1948 upon organized mass strikes by communist party members, leaving the government

Project management and the problem of project escalation Essay

Project management and the problem of project escalation - Essay Example As Keil suggested in his article, there are four factors that contribute to escalation, namely: project factors, psychological factors, social factors, and organizational factors. In this respect, effectively addressing escalation must, therefore, centre on addressing these factors.   First, it is important to complete a comprehensive cost-benefit and risk analysis at the initial planning stage in order to give project managers sufficient information with regard to decisions regarding the IT project. This will be able to address the objective factors that are caused by poor judgment on the scale of a project.Second, it is also important for the project team, preferably with the help of a professional not to the team, to establish protocols and standards to serve as indicators that will signal when a project must be abandoned, and when it is still salvageable. A separate quality analyst must also be employed to monitor these indicators and compare it with the project team’s p rogress. This will place part of the responsibility in abandoning a project on an outsider who will not be affected by the same psychological factors that plague project managers.   Third, it is also imperative to promote teamwork and a cooperative atmosphere within a project team to ensure that rivalry or any negative behavior that can affect a team’s ability to make sound decisions are not compromised. In this respect, team-building activities will be beneficial.   Fourth, in order to avoid pressure.

Deformation Effects: Energy Gap in LDA and GW Approximation

Deformation Effects: Energy Gap in LDA and GW Approximation Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements indicating the importance of many-body  effects in reduced dimensional systems. We performed ab initio calculations based on density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory in the GW approximation. To illustrate our  results, we consider a (8; 0) single wall carbon nanotube and by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation  calculate the macroscopic dielectric function à Ã‚ µ for both the undeformed and deformed nanotubes. The radial deformation is obtained by squeezing the nanotube in the y direction and elongating in  the x direction. Results show a decrease in band gap and a red shift in exciton transition energies  for nanotubes of elliptical cross-section. The deformation can be proposed as ideas for the achieve  to less excitonic energy. We implement the method in the ABINIT code for ground and excited  states calculations. Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are cylindrical structures that formed by rolling up a graphene  sheet. SWNCTs geometric structures describe by chiral  vector or positive integer pairs (n,m). Nanotubes with  (n,0) chirality is said to be of zigzag carbon nanotubes,  with (n,n) are armchair nanotubes and tubes with (n,m)  are chiral nanotubes. In the zone folding approximation if the difference   between these two integers (n,m) is an integer multiple  of 3, tubes are metal, otherwise, the tubes show semiconducting properties1. The observation and synthesis of single-walled  carbon nanotubes in recent years, making possible  the experimental study of the optical properties of  individual SWCNTs. Because of the nature of quasione-dimensional carbon nanotubes many-body effects  have an important in uence on their optical properties  and failure of single-particle theories not unexpected. The rst optical data for carbon nanotubes was  obtained in 1999 by Kataura2, which reports the transitions energies (Eii) as a function of the tube diameter  for nanotube with different chirality (n,m). A few years later with the precise spectroscopy3 showed  some deviations from the analysis of Kataura. In particular, the ratio (E22=E11), predicted to be equal  to 2 in the approximation where bands are linear close  to Fermi energy4 was found to be smaller3, and this  problem was not justi ed by single-particle theories, this  problem so-called ratio problem in SWCNTs5. Recent predictions based on rst principles calculations and semi-empirical approaches show the existence  of exciton with high binding energy in the carbon  nanotubes, so that the unknown effects observed in  the optical spectra of nanotubes can be attributed to  excitons and by considering the excitonic effects the  ratio probem would be solved. An evidence for the excitons in carbon nanotubes is  obtained in the theory6 and experiment3. A theoretical approach is the rst principles calculations of optical  spectra of carbon nanotubes, using the Bethe-Salpeter  equation. These calculations show exciton with large  binding energy in semiconductor nanotubes and even excitonic effects in metallic nanotubes6. In the present work, we obtain optical spectra with ab  initio calculations for Bethe-Salpeter equation for nanotubes of elliptical cross-section. To illustrate our results, we consider a (8,0) single wall  carbon nanotube, then in our model squeezing the nanotube in the y direction and elongating in the x direction,  we study quasiparticle band structures and excitation energies for nanotubes with elliptical cross-section. With  this model, the deformation effects on the exciton energies is investigated. However, so far the excitation energies are calculated  for nanotubes with elliptical cross-section, but this calculation is done with single-particle approach that regardless of the excitonic effects. Shan and Bao7 investigated the deformation effects on  the optical properties of carbon nanotubes based on  the tight-binding model and describe the deformation  of SWCNT under stretching, compression, torsion, and  bending, they were shown the shifting, merging, and  splitting of Van Hove Singularities in the DOS, and optical absorption properties variation with strains. We present a framework to predict the optical absorption of deformed SWNTs using the Bethe-Salpeter equation with many-body approach, so far this work has not  been done. The results can be employed to understand  and guide experimental studies of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on the CNTs. With density functional theory can be calculated  ground state energy and charge density for a many-body  interacting system. We obtain the DFT wave functions  and eigenvalues of (8,0) SWCNT by solving the Kohn-Sham equations8 within the local density approximation, with Teter Pade parametrization9 for the exchange correlation functional implemented in the ABINIT computational package10. The code uses a plan-wave basis set and a periodic supercell method. For all studied systems, we have used the ab initio normconserving Troullier-Martins pseudopotentials11 and (1140)  Monkhorst-Pack k-grid sampling of the Brillouin zone  was taken, for the self-consistent calculations with an energy cutoff 60 Ry. In the end of LDA calculations, we compare our LDA  calculations with results obtained using the QUANTUM  ESPRESSO12 package with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof  approximation and Ultrasoft pseudopotentials in a planewave basis. There is no difference between the two calculations for bandgap (8,0) carbon nanonotube13. Density functional theory is used to study the ground  state of the system and this theory cannot be used in  the prediction of excited states. In the investigation of  the excited states, the amount of band gap is greater  than that is observed with the LDA calculations. So beyond the DFT should use a theory that describes excitations correctly. Our approach is the many-body perturbation theory14 based on the concept of quasi-particles  and Greens function. In this theory, the quasi-particle  energies obtain by solving the following equation that  so-colled Dyson equation: Where T is the kinetic energy, Vext is the external potential, and VHartree is the average Hartree potential. is the self energy of the electrons and the indices refer to  Bloch states n, k, thus problem of nding quasi-particle  energies decreases to the problem of nding self-energy. A good approach that has been used extensively  for nding of self-energy is the GW approximation of  Hedin15. In the GW approximation, using the following  equation, self-energy (r; r†²;E) can be calculated: Here G is the Greens function of the electrons and  W = ..1v is the screened Coulomb interaction determined by the inverse dielectric matrix ..1(r; r;E) and  + is a positive in nitesimal time. Greens function is obtained with the Kohn-Sham wave  functions and eigenvalues: Since the wave functions are obtained with the LDA are  appropriate, a rst order approximation is sufficient to  correct the LDA energies, for this reason quasi-particle  energies derived from the rst-order perturbation theory  by the following equation: Where V LDA xc is the exchange-correlation potential and  Zn;k is the renormalization factor of the orbital de ned  as Zn;k = (1 à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ @[emailprotected])à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1j E=ELDA n;k . In the equation (2), sigma is a convolution of G and W,  this part of the calculation is very complex, because the  matrix à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 GG†² (q; !) (in reciprocal space) must calculate for  all frequencies !, in direction of the real and imaginary  axis. Since only the value of the integral is important,  with a simple and acceptable model can calculate the  integrals. In this model the frequency dependence the  matrix à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 GG†² (q; !) calculate with a plasmon pole model16: In this equation, ÃŽ ©2 GG†² (q) and ~!(q) are the parameters of  model, the nal values for the parameters in this model  is found in Ref. 16. Dielectric function in this model is  approximated as a single-peak structure, this peak placed  in the plasmon frequency !p. Plasmon pole model not  only reduces computation, but also makes an analytic  calculation of the relation (2). With the GW calculations, correction to the energy  gap of the carbon nanotube is obtained. The ABINIT  package has been used for the Hybertsen-Louie plasmon  pole model calculations. For all the GW calculations,  the energy cutoff is 36 Ry for the evaluation of the bare  Coulomb exchange contribution x, and 24 Ry for the  correlation part c. With the many-body perturbation theory, can be calculate the excitation energies with obtaining self-energy  using the GW approximation. In fact, an optical absorption will build a pair of bound electron-hole or exciton. For the calculation of excitation energies, a good agreement between experiment and theory to be achieved  when the interaction between the electron and hole are  also considered. BSE17 takes into account coupling between electron and hole and absorption spectra that obtained by solving this equation, is more consistent with  the experimental results. Bethe-Salpeter equation written for a bound two-body system, in condensed matter  this equation has the form of as follows: Where the quasiparticle energies Ec;Ev enter on the diagonal, and the indices v, c refers to the occupied valence  and empty conduction band states,Wand V are screened  and bare Coulomb potentials, respectively. By solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, exciton energies are calculated. In order to have an observation for  the excitonic energies, the macroscopic dielectric function  is calculated using the following equation18: Where the Avc s is exciton amplitude and Es is exciton  energy. The relation between the imaginary part of à Ã‚ µM  to the frequency ! gives the absorption spectrum. In ABINIT, we use the option to evaluate the response  function recursively with Haydock algoritm19 and TammDancoff approximation14. Calculations of optical properties via BSE are more expensive computationally. For  both undeformed and deformed SWNTs, the BSE kernel,  in which the energy cutoff is 16 Ry for V and W. Fig. 3 shows the band structure for undeformed (8,0)  SWNT. According to the band structure, this SWNT is  a semiconductor and amount of band gap is 0:57 eV. We  repeat the same calculation for elliptical tubes, with the  previous parameters (the same cutoff energy, number  of kpoint, : : 🙂 and only the geometry of the tube will  change. Fig. 4 shows the band structure for deformed (8,0)  SWNTs with different values of . In this calculation,  the band gap decreases from Egap = 0:57 eV at = 1:0  to the closing point, Egap = 0:0 eV at = 0:7. the energy gap is 0:49 eV , 0:26 eV for A, B elliptic nanotubes,  respectively. For D, E and F, elliptic nanotubes no band  gap is found. In this calculation, A, B elliptic nanotubes remained  semiconductor and the C elliptic nanotube represents  the boundary of the metal. In this approximation D, E  and F, elliptic nanotubes are metal. By this calculation we show that when the deformation  is highly intense, the band gap decreases and one  insulator-metal transition occurs. In the second stage, we calculate correction band  gap energy and quasi-particle band structure with GW  approximation. Fig. 5 shows the quasiparticle band  structure for undeformed (8,0) SWNT, in the GW  approximation band gap is 1:76 eV that is greater than  the amount predicted in the LDA. Result for undeformed nanotube agrees well with  ab initio calculations presented in Ref. 6, that the  calculated value of the quasiparticle energy gap is given: 1:75 eV for undeformed (8,0) SWCNT. We perform  one-shot GW or G0W0 model where the convergence  studies have been carried out with respect to various  parameters (naumber of bands, cutoff energy, . . . ). In the previous stages, A, B elliptic nanotubes  remained semiconductor and the C elliptic nanotube  represents the boundary of the metal. We performed  GW calculations only for semiconducting nanotubes.   Fig. 6 shows the quasiparticle band structure and the  calculated value of the quasiparticle energy gaps that  they are 1:65 eV , 1:34 eV for A, B elliptic nanotubes,  respectively, and for the C elliptic nanotube no band  gap is found. For deformed nanotubes only the ground  state energy is calculated by many-body approach in  Ref. 20, so far no GW calculations have been done for  deformed nanotubes to compare our results with them. With the GW calculations, we conclude that when the  deformation is highly intense the band gap decreases,  too. We show the evolution of the energy band gap  (Egap) as a function of radial deformation in the Fig. 7,  where the band gap in LDA and GW calculations  represents for nanotubes with different values of the  deformation. The values of the contributions of LDA exchangecorrelation potential Vxc, the exchange x and the  correlation c part of the self energy are displayed in  Table I-Table IV. Results are for plasmon pole models,  in the Hybertsen-Louie approach presented in Ref. 16. We calculate the screened interaction W(! = 0)  be expressed in terms of the inverse dielectric matrix  ..1(r; r;E), which describes screening in a solid when  local elds due to density inhomogeneities and manybody effects are taken into account, to obtain self energy  by (2). However, we found gap correction for undeformed  and deformed nanotubes, but electron-hole interaction  decreased the excitation energy in these structures. The  calculations include the electron-hole interaction (excitonic effects) are closer and better values to experiment. In the third stage the macroscopic dielectric function  Ãƒ Ã‚ µM(!) has been calculated by (7) including local eld  effects with solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation.   In Fig. 8 A1 and B1 are peak for undeformed SWNT,  A2, B2 and A3, B3 are for A, B deformed SWNT,  respectively. The gure shows that with apply more deformation  A,B peaks shift to lower energy, and red shift occurs in  the optical spectra of carbon nanotubes. Therefor the  low energy exciton can be occurred by deformation on  the nanotubes. Table V shows the values of lowest two  optical transition energies for the undeformed SWCNT  in the present work and, ab initio calculations and  experiment. The value of ratio E11=E22 = 1:18 for the  (8,0) tube is in agreement with the experiment findings  of Bachilo et al3. Bachilo and coworks in their work  with Spectrouorimetric measurements obtained rst  and second transition energies for more than 30 semiconductor CNTs with different (n,m). their results shows  ratio equal to 1.17 for the (8, 0) nanotube and 1.85 for  nanotube with a diameter larger, while a single-particle  model, such as a tight bonding model is expected 2 value for this ratio. In considering excitonic effects the  ratio problem will be resolved and th ese calculations  give us better results. We rst obtains values of the  rst and second excitation energy for the undeformed  SWNT and were compared with computational and  exprimental values, then we repeated calculations for  deformed nanotubes to get results. Table VI shows  lowest two optical transition energies for the undeformed  and deformed SWNTs. The value of E11 and E22  decreases with deformation. In conclusion, we study the optical absorption  spectra of deformed and undeformed semiconducting   small-diameter SWCNT and survey the agreement with  available experimental data. We show by applying  deformation on the nanotubes one insulator-metal  transition occurs, and peaks shift to lower energy,  and red shift occurs in the optical spectra of carbon  nanotubes. The deformation can be proposed as ideas  for achieving to less excitonic energy. The results can  be employed to understand and guide experimental  studies of electronic and optoelectronic devices based  on the carbon nanotubes. So far GW calculations and  absorption spectra with excitonic effects for deformed  tubes has not been obtained. We investigate deformation effects on the energy gap  in LDA and GW approximation and optical spectra including excitonic effects. These calculations shows that  with apply deformation on the SWNT structure, energy  gap decrease, and lowest two optical transition energies  for the deformed SWNTs shift to lower energy. The deformation can be proposed as ideas for the achieve to less  excitonic energy. The results can be employed to understand and guide experimental studies of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on the carbon nanotubes. We compare our results with experimental data and  ab initio calculations for undeformed nanotube, then repeat calculations for deformed nanotubes and investigate  deformation effects on the energy gap in LDA and GW  approximation and optical spectra. Investigation of excitonic effects so far has not been done with many-body  approach for Bethe-salpeter equation for deformed nanotubes. Results are agreed with sing-particle calculations  that presented in Ref. 7.

Contradicting Character of The Sniper Essay -- The Sniper

Contradicting Character of The Sniper In this Irish war we have two sides, but this can also be reflected in the two sides within the Sniper himself. The Sniper seems experienced yet amateur, cold yet emotional, lusting for war yet hating it, self-assured yet vulnerable, and clear-minded yet mad; he is a living contradiction. The Sniper exhibits qualities that are both experienced and amateur. O’Flaherty describes the Sniper as â€Å"a man who is used to looking at death†, from which we can infer that the sniper has seen many deaths, since a person who is exposed frequently to death gradually grows senseless to it. In the passage, â€Å"There was a flash and a bullet whizzed over his head. He dropped immediately.†, we can tell from the â€Å"dropped immediately† that the sniper has exceedingly quick reflexes, something usually apparent in those who are experienced in the techniques of war. By contrast, the Sniper also possesses many traits of an amateur soldier. He is described as having â€Å"the face of a student†, and had been fasting because â€Å"he was too excited to eat†. The word â€Å"student† has the connotation of one who is young, inexperienced, and still learning, while his excitement implies that this fighting was new to him, because most people tend to be excited at new experiences.   Furthermore, when passage states that as he heard the enemy car draw nearer â€Å"his heart beat faster†, which is another portrayal of his eagerness and desire to fight. Thus we see a disparity in the Sniper’s character, which is both experienced and amateur. Another contradiction with the Sniper is that he is both apathetic and emotional. O’Flaherty described his eyes as having a â€Å"cold gleam†, and â€Å"cold† has the connotation of lacking feeling. In the scen... ...his mental strain grows as in the midst of anger he â€Å"laughs†, although he has no reason to laugh what we picture as a maniacal laugh. Moreover, the sniper was drunk: â€Å"Taking the flask from his pocket, he emptied it at a draught. He felt reckless under the influence of the spirit†. The feeling of recklessness combines with his already crazy state of maniacal laughing to portray a sniper that has gone quite mad. In conclusion, the Sniper is, interestingly, a complete contradiction in himself. He is both experienced and amateur, cold and emotional, lusting after war and hating it, self-assured and vulnerable, and logical and mad. This stark paradox may create much of the inner conflict that goes on within the Sniper, and also reflects the outer conflict of the Irish war- a war where both sides are essentially opposing parts of the same whole.         

My Dream Job

Since childhood, it is my dream to be a teacher. It is the noblest job in the world where teacher molds the characters of different personalities not just in academics but as well as the individual. There will be no doctors and any other professions if there are no teachers thus , the future of our nation lies on the teacher ‘s hands. This principle is inculcated in my mind and it motivates me to pursue this dream of mine.As an aspirant, I want to be competitive and equipped in the  profession I have chosen which is to be a good teacher someday because I want to give my future students the best of me and not the least. This dream motivates me to further my studies in education where I can be a competitive teacher and a role model to my students. I believe that the graduate study would be able to help me achieve this dream.This program, graduate study, would help me become more develop and equip on the things that I want to learn that I can be able to use in my teaching career in the future. I believe that it is not sufficient to be a graduate of a normal school or college, or to stand high in the profession of teaching. Like the students, the teacher must grow, and this growth must be long lines both professional and general. The teacher must have knowledge of educational movements and a familiarity with the progress in educational thought and research.Hence, with the progress in education literature and new education textbooks, and adopt the new ideas that are  sound that I can learn from the graduate school The zeal with which the teacher takes up and tests them in is one of the most helpful features of education work. The graduate school would help me become an earnest searcher and investigator in my own professional field. Thus, this program would develop my ability to create effective learning situation.

Definition and Discussion of Comparative Grammar

Definition and Discussion of Comparative Grammar Comparative grammar  is the branch of linguistics primarily concerned with the analysis and comparison of the grammatical structures of related languages or dialects.   The term comparative grammar was commonly used by 19th-century philologists. However,  Ferdinand de Saussure regarded comparative grammar as a misnomer for several reasons, the most troublesome of which is that it implies the existence of a scientific grammar other than that which draws on the comparison of languages (Course in General Linguistics, 1916). In the modern era, notes  Sanjay Jain et al., the branch of linguistics  known as comparative grammar is  the attempt to characterize the class of (biologically possible) natural languages through formal specification of their grammars; and a theory of  comparative grammar is  such a specification of  some definite collection. Contemporary theories of comparative grammar begin with Chomsky . . . , but there are several different proposals currently under investigation (Systems That Learn: An Introduction to Learning Theory, 1999). Also Known As:  comparative philology Observations If we would understand the origin and real nature of grammatical forms, and of the relations which they represent, we must compare them with similar forms in kindred dialects and languages . . ..[The task of the comparative grammarian] is to compare the grammatical forms and usages of an allied group of tongues and thereby reduce them to their earliest forms and senses.(Grammar, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911)Comparative GrammarPast and PresentContemporary work in comparative grammar, like the comparative work carried out by nineteenth-century grammarians, is concerned with establishing [an] explanatory basis for the relationships between languages. The work of the nineteenth century focused on relationships between languages and groups of languages primarily in terms of a common ancestry. It assumed a view of linguistic change as by and large systematic and lawful (rule governed) and, on the basis of this assumption, attempted to explain the relationship between languages in terms o f a common ancestor (often a hypothetical one for which there was no actual evidence in the historical record). Contemporary comparative grammar, in contrast, is significantly broader in scope. It is concerned with a theory of grammar that is postulated to be an innate component of the human mind/brain, a faculty of language that provides an explanatory basis for how a human being can acquire a first language (in fact, any human language he or she is exposed to). In this way, the theory of grammar is a theory of human language and hence establishes the relationship among all languagesnot just those that happen to be related by historical accident (for instance, via common ancestry).(Robert Freidin, Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. MIT, 1991)

Michelangelos Tomb of Giuliano de Medici essays

Michelangelo's Tomb of Giuliano de' Medici essays Michelangelos Tomb of Giuliano de Medici One of the most famous artists ever known since the 16th century is a man by the name of Michelangelo Buonarroti. He has composed art that is both breathtaking and unmatched in such skills as painting, sculpture, architecture and poetry. Some of his most famous works of sculpture that he composed are standing in the Medici Chapel in Florence, Italy even today. I would like to speak of a particular piece contained in the Chapel entitled Tomb of Giuliano de Medici. First I would like to say a few words concerning Michelangelos financial status for materials and his visions for the figure. According to the book entitled, Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture; Michelangelo was an aristocratic artist working for the pope and had a nearly unlimited budget in the 1520s. Michelangelo also had a legendary ability to judge the quality of a block of marble; it was even said that he could see the figure imprisoned in it.(Pg.213) I think that this quote from author, William E. Wallace, shows a very interesting background in Michelangelos finances and genius. He had made numerous life-size statues with handpicked blocks of marble. Wallace also states that some experts believe Michelangelos financial backing helped contribute to the beauty of his work. I was not sure how to take that comment at first, but after looking at many of Michelangelos sculptures, I think the fact that he was particular about the quality of block which was used shows that he was a master that wanted to depict figures that were unequivocally beautiful, muscular, and harmo nious. The Tomb of Giuliano de Medici is an example of Michelangelos mastery of both muscular figures as well as composition. The piece was worked on from 1519 through 1534. The piece contains three figures. The elevated central figure in the pie...

Financial Upheavals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Upheavals - Assignment Example On the other hand, the Great Recession of 2008 is the most recent economic downturn in country, the pangs of which are being felt even today. Both these financial upheavals share similarities in terms of their causes and consequences. They led to extensive loan foreclosures, bank failures, high unemployment rates and a slump in manufacturing sector. The reason for the panic of 1819 can be attributed to the economic system of the United States (Rothbard 2002). It was the panic of 1819 that brought the grand economic expansion following the War of 1812 to an end. Inflation, debtors’ relief which was invariably tied with monetary schemes and a protective tariff played a pivotal role in creating the situation of panic in the country at that time. On the other hand, the onset of the Recession of 2008 can be attributed to complex and interlinked factors. Sub-prime lending, loose monetary policy, global imbalances and lax financial regulation were responsible for the latest financial upheaval that has had the entire world reeling. Proposal is hereby made to write a detailed paper which will compare and contrast these two historic financial upheavals; the earliest and the latest to have rocked the United States of America with special emphasis on the role of the monetary policy in each

European Competition Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

European Competition Law - Essay Example d in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous†. (Europa, 2007) The SSNIP test (Small but Significant and Non-transitory Increase in Price) is an important criterion in relation to abuse of dominance and mergers. The commission formally adopted SSNIP in 1997 EU Commission Notice on Market Definition. Camesasca et al state that the notice refers to theoretical insights gained in industrial economics and mentions a range of econometric techniques helpful in delineating the relevant market.   Therefore, primarily it is important to decide whether the undertaking is dominant or not. The question of dominance hinges on several factors and the interpretation of the facts available under the specific circumstances. It was held in United Brands Company and United Brands Continental BV v Commission of the European Communities, â€Å"The dominant position referred to in Article 86 relates to a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables to prevent effective competition†¦In general a dominant position derives from a combination of several factors, which taken separately, are not necessarily determinative† (Eur-Lex, 1978), and thus it connotes wide meaning and interpretation. Vatiero states that â€Å"In competition law the dominant position is accepted, that is, an undertaking having a dominant position is not itself a recrimination†. The policy underlining the law is with reference to the power to behave independent of its competitors to an appreciable extent. For instance, an undertaking cannot stop supplying a long standing customer under some pretext or other as this conduct is inconsistent with Article 3(F) of the treaty and paragraph B and C of Article 86 with in respect prejudicial or discriminatory treatment. Chamberlin (1962, p.61) states that both patents and trade-marks may be conceived of as monopoly elements of the goods to which they are attached. It is also necessary to consider the shift in policy towards conflicting interests arising out of the rights over patents or trade-marks and competition. Entry barriers constitute as major stumbling block in promoting competition, which may result into monopoly. Papasava (2004) states, â€Å"The Chicago school perceives†¦that a true barrier to entry is a cost to new entrants which was not applicable to the existing market operators when they entered the market† The monopoly with reference to the pricing depends upon the elasticity of the demand for the product as well as the substitutes available. â€Å" †¦ Monopoly may not equate to an economic monopoly if the relevant market is wider than the protected market. However, the fact that access to a market is protected by intellectual property rights may be relevant as a factor

Personal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Theory - Essay Example , 1986, 115-31) Feminist theory takes the position that the portrayal of the damsel in distress has a profound view on the self-perception as children tend to emulate the characteristics of their favorite characters in children’s literature and attempt to subscribe to their respective character traits. (Zipes, 1989, 185-200) Feminist theory takes the position that the damsel in distress portrays a view of human nature that perpetuates an entirely sexist view of human nature.(Kramer and Moore, 2001) The underlying message is that the female in distress does not have the ability to cope on her own and is dependent upon a males assistance for relief. The view of human nature in this distinction between female and male characterization is exemplified in Cinderella where the damsel in distress is rescued by a Prince Charming who holds out the promise of marriage, status, wealth and happiness. The heroine is helpless and powerless and cannot find redemption without male interference. Sleeping Beauty and Snow White are similar in their respective approaches to this view of human nature in that the heroine is passive and dependant upon the strong, rich and powerful male for redemptive value. Beauty and The Beast puts forward the strong male/weak female view of human nature in a different way. In this fairy tale, the male is aggressive, cruel and punishing and is eventually tamed by the self-sacrificing, beautiful female victim. The female heroine eventually comes to the realization that the male’s cruelty and aggression were all facades for his underlying love for the female and his actual cruel and violent outbursts were merely manifestations of his love for her. (Coward, 1984, 189) Girls who read these Fairy Tales obviously form a distorted view of their perceptions of the female’s role in society. Feminist theory advocates that girls tend to idealize these feminine traits and strive to emulate them. The role of the councilor is to help women who have

Unconscious mind Essay Example for Free

Unconscious mind Essay The word personality originates from the Latin word â€Å"persona† which means mask. From the modern meaning of mask, it means a cover used for disguise. However from the ancient Latin-speaking world, the word is used not to conceal something but to typify or represent a character in theater plays. Thus, personality is what differentiates or distinguishes a person. It is a mask that sets an individual apart from others. For a more detailed description of personality, it is defined as the sum total of the qualities and characteristics of a person as shown in her manner of walking, talking, dressing, and her attitudes, interests, and ways of reacting to other people.   Consequently, to make things simpler and to quote from Glen Allsopp, a popular internet blogger, personality is a set of qualities that make a person distinct from another. Psychoanalysis was pioneered by Sigmund Freud. This perspective believes that there are three levels of awareness or divisions of the mind namely conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Freud represented these levels of awareness through an iceberg. The part of the iceberg visible above the surface is the conscious mind. Just below the surface is the preconscious mind, anything that is not yet part of the conscious mind. Hidden deep below the surface is the unconscious mind, feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness. The unconscious can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips (or slip of the tongue is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked with the unconscious mind). In addition, according to Freud, there are three parts of personality called as id, ego and superego. The id works on the pleasure principle. Its goal is instant gratification and satisfaction from our primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses. The ego works on the reality principle. It protects the person against the immediate gratification of the id. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious. The ego brings the person down to what is real. As an example, when a person is hungry or is sexually  driven, the desire can only be satisfied at the right place and at the right time. The ego controls the person’s actions and allows for higher level cognitive skills. The superego, on the other hand, is the moral center of personality, containing the ego ideal and the conscience, and is the source of moral anxiety. The superego would create perfectionist and civilized individuals that are incapable of compromising what life requires. While the id would create pleasure-seeking individuals whose main goal is to satisfy every desire without delay. The ego balances the person as it compromises what the id desires in accordance to the superego. Carl Gustav Jung believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, as described by Freud, but a collective unconscious as well. This collective unconscious served as a form of psychological inheritance. It contains all of the knowledge and experiences we share as a species. The collective unconscious contains archetypes or models of people, behaviors, and personalities. These archetypes are innate, universal, and hereditary. These are unlearned and function to organize how we experience certain things. The four major archetypes according to Jung are: the self, the shadow, the anima or animus, and the persona. The self is the unification of the consciousness and unconsciousness wherein various aspects of personality are integrated. T he shadow exists as part of the unconscious mind and is described as the darker side of the psyche. It is composed of weaknesses, repressed ideas, desires, instincts, and short comings. The anima is the feminine image in the male psyche while the animus is the male image in the female psyche. It is represented as the â€Å"true self† rather than the image a person projects to others. Lastly, the persona is how we project ourselves to the world. It is like our social mask that we wear for different situations and groups. It shields the ego from negative images. Archetypes are not limited to the four types previously mentioned nor are fixed. Other archetypes that Jung described are: the father (authority figure), the mother (nurturing and comforting), the child (longing for innocence), the hero (champion, defender), and the trickster (liar, deceiver) among others. Psychiatrist Alfred Adler proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed the birth order theory. Firstborn children with younger siblings feel inferior once those younger siblings get all the attention and often overcompensate by becoming overachievers. Middle children feel superior over the dethroned older child while dominating younger siblings and they tend to be very competitive. Younger children feel inferior because they are not allowed the freedom and responsibility like those of the older children. Frank Sulloway, another theorist proposed that birth order has a profound effect on one’s personality. Firstborns are more dominant, less open to new ideas, and more conscientious than later-born children. Consequently, later-born children are more open and rebellious.

The Stages Of The Refrigeration Cycle Engineering Essay

The Stages Of The Refrigeration Cycle Engineering Essay The second law of thermodynamics is described as the most fundamental law of science (Khemani, 2008). It is fundamental in the sense that it can be used to explain not only refrigerators and heat engines but highly advanced phenomena such as the big bang. It has been put aptly in the words of Classius as it is impossible for a process to occur that has the sole effect of removing a quantity of heat from an object at a lower temperature and transferring this quantity of heat to an object at a higher temperature (Mortimer, 2008). This essentially means that heat cannot flow spontaneously from a cooler to a hotter body if nothing else happens (Mortimer, 2008) i.e. there needs to be an external agency to effect the change. In kitchen refrigerators, the closed box inside is able to be kept cool by the removal of heat from the inside of the box and depositing it on the outside. Because the heat will not move freely from the cold inside to the hot outside, as by the second law, it is important for it to be made to do so, this is done by using an intermediate fluid (Littlewood, 2004) which absorbed heat on the inside. This intermediate fluid is known as a refrigerant and carries the heat outside of the box whereby it it released into the air as heat as shown in (Littlewood, 2004). Figure 1 the flow of heat within the refrigerator a schematic (Littlewood, 2004) The fluid circulates within the pipe which passes in and out and can be found at the back of the refrigerator. It is kept by using a compressor (which uses electricity from the home) and allows it to work effectively without violating the second law of motion. (Littlewood, 2004) THE FIRST LAW Refrigerator takes in energy from a region that needs to be cooled (or kept cold) and deposits this heat energy into some other region that is outside of the refrigerator. In order to work, there has to be some mechanism in place, where the work done by a compressor and its electric motor is utilized. Using the First Law of Thermodynamics we can write: (Littlewood, 2004) Figure 2 the first law of thermodynamics (Littlewood, 2004) QC   QH  = -W Where: Qc energy or heat of the cold system QH = energy or heat of the hot system W = work done Since work is done on the refrigerator by another device (the compressor), rather than by the refrigerator itself, the work is done is deemed negative because of sign conventions. This is part of the first law (Littlewood, 2004). Suppose that 2.4 MJ of work is used to remove 5.2 MJ of heat from the inside of the refrigerator, then an amount of heat QH  = QC  + W = 5.2 MJ + 2.4 MJ = 7.6 MJ must be added to the kitchen. The refrigerator is termed as a closed system and it possesses a constant composition: U = U + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡V) T dV U = U + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T) V dT U = U + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡V) T dV + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T) T dT dU (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡V) T dV + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T) V dT According to Bain (2010), there are four basic parts to any refrigerator: Compressor Heat Expansion valve Refrigerant The exchanging pipes are a coiled set of pipes that is placed strategically outside of the unit. The refrigerant as will be discussed later on is a liquid that has the ability to evaporate efficiently so that inside the refrigerator is kept cooled. (Bain, 2010) A gas can be cooled by adiabatic expansion if the process is enthalphic. The gas expands through a process barrier from one constant pressure to the next and the temperature difference in observed. Insulation of the system made the process adiabatic. The result is that a lower temperature was absorbed on the on a low pressure side and the change in the temperature is proportional to the change in pressure. (Bain, 2010)  Ã¢â‚¬Å¾T  µ  Ã¢â‚¬Å¾P Figure 3 schematic of a domestic refrigerator (Bain, 2010) When an energy |qc| is removed from a cool source at some temperature Tc, and then deposited in a warmer sink at a temperature Th, the change in entropy is: (Atkins dePaula, 2006) Atkins dePaula (2006) also indicated that the process is not spontaneous because the entropy generated in the warm sink is not enough to overcome the loss of entropy from the cold souce. And because of this more energy needs to be added to the stream that enters the warm sink to generated the entropy required by the system. They further indicated that the outcome is expressed as the coefficient of performance, c: The less the work required to achieve a given transfer, the greater the coefficient of performance and the more efficient the refrigerator (Atkins dePaula, 2004). Because |qc| is removed from the cold source, the work |w| is added to the energy stream, the energy deposited as the heat in the hot sink |qh| = |qc| + |w|. Therefore, From: We can have an expression in terms of the temperature alone, which is possible if the transfer is performed reversibly (Atkins dePaula, 2006): Where: c = thermodynamic optimum coefficient of temperature Tc = temperature of the cold sink Th = temperature of the hot sink For a refrigerator, it important that a very low coefficient of performance. For a refrigerator withdrawing heat from ice cold water (Tc = 273 K) in a typical environment (Th = 293K), c = 14. As an example, to remove 10 kJ (enough to freeze 30 g of water), requires transfer of atleast 0.71 kJ as work. (Atkins dePaula, 2005) The work to maintain a low temperature is very important when designing refrigerators. No thermal insulation is perfect, so there is always some form of energy flowing as heat into a specific sample at a rate that is proportional to the temperature difference. (Atkins and de Paula, 2006). Figure 4 (a) the flow of energy as heat from a cold source to a hot sink is not spontaneous. As can be seen, the entropy increase of the hot sink is smaller than the entropy increase of the cold source, so there is a net decrease in entropy (Atkins dePaula, 2006). (b) The process becomes feasible if work is provided to add to the energy stream. Then the increase in entropy of the hot sink can be made to cancel the entropy of the hot source (Atkins dePaula, 2006) he rate at which energy leaks happen is written as: Where: A = a constant that depends on the size of the sample and details of the simulation Tc = temperature of the cold sink Th = temperature of the hot sink The minimum power, P, required to maintain the original temperature difference by pumping out that energy by heating the surroundings is: As can be seen the power increases as the square of the temperature difference (Th Tc). THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE The gas is pumped continuously at a steady pressure, the heat exchanger (which brings the required temperature) and then through a porous plug inside container that is thermally insulated. A phase change heat pump uses a liquid that has a low boiling point to transfer heat from a cooler area to a warmer one, in refrigerators. This heat pump is the most commonly used in domestic refrigerators. It employs a liquid, known as a refrigerant which has a low boiling point. The liquid requires energy (called latent heat) to evaporate, and it drains that energy from its surroundings in the form of heat. When the vapor condenses again, it releases the energy (in the form of heat). A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Latent heat describes the amount of energy in the form of heat that is required for a material to undergo a change of phase (also known as change of state). Two latent heats are typically described. (Bamb ooweb, 2009)For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). The pump operates a cycle in which the refrigerant changes state from its liquid form to the vapour form and vice versa. This process occurs repeatedly and I known as the refrigeration cycle. In this cycle, the refrigerant condenses and heat is released in one point of the cycle. It is the boiled (or evaporated) so that it absorbs heat in another point of the cycle. The widely used refrigerant is hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) known as R-134a (1, 1, 1, 2 tetrafluoroethane) and CCl2F2 (dichlorodifluoromethane). Other substances such as liquid ammonia, propane or butane, are be used but because of their highly flammable nature, they are disregarded as a good refrigerant. 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). (Bambooweb, 2009)For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). In the refrigerator the fluid used (e.g. CCl2F2 ) fluid is liquefied by compression then vaporized by sudden expansion which gives a cooling effect. The compressor, in itself does not create a cooling effect directly, as might be expected. The cooling effect is created when the refrigerant absorbs the heat from the cooled space. This is accomplished with a heat exchanger. (Bambooweb, 2009)For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another, whether the fluids are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the fluids are directly contacted. The refrigeration cycle can be divided in two parts: The liquefaction stage The evaporation stage LIQUEFACTION STAGE The refrigerant vapour undergoes recycling by itself into the liquid form by the extraction of heat from a vapour at a higher temperature. The refrigerant is compressed by the compressor where a low pressure and low temperature condition is created. This is accomplished by an evaporating coil. During the compression process, the vapour of the refrigerant undergoes a temperature change (as an effect of the compression process). Additionally, the work of compression to create the high temperature and pressure vapour also contributes to the temperature change experienced by the vapour. The condenser that is located where the temperature is higher (i.e. the higher temperature heat sink) collects the vapour. Heat is then removed from the refrigerant and in lieu of this it condenses to its liquid state, hence the name for the condenser. Using the Joule-Thompson coefficient: For a perfect gas  µ = 0 Cp + Cv = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡H/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p Introducing: H = U + pV = nRT into the first term: Cp Cv = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p + nR (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p = nR EVAPORATION STAGE As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, the next part of the cycle begins. This is accomplishe when a high temperature and high pressure liquid passes through a metering device that is found within the refrigeration. The valve allows a specific quantity of liquid coolant to pass into the evaporation chamber. Evaporation chambers are relatively low pressure and this encourages coolant evaporation. Newly evaporated coolant is drawn though the cooling coils (typically a fan is used to blow air over the coils). Thus, the evaporative process produces the cooling effect. The refrigerant then is pulled to the compressor in the suction line where it will be compressed into a high temperature, high pressure gas and sent to the external heat sinking coils. Capillary action or capillarity is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards against the force of gravity. A refrigerator pumps heat up a temperature gradient. The cooling efficiency of this operation depends on the amount of heat extracted from the cold temperature reservoir (the freezer compartment), , and the work needed to do so. Since a practical refrigerator operates in a cycle to provide a continuous removal of heat, for the cycle. Then, by the conservation of energy (or first law), , where is the heat ejected to the high temperature reservoir or the outside. The measure of a refrigerator performance is defined as the efficiency expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance (). Since the purpose is to extract the most heat () per unit work input (), the coefficient of performance for a refrigerator, , is expressed as their ratio: Where, the conservation relationship given above is used to express the work in terms of heat. For normal refrigerator operation, the work input is less than the heat removed, so the is greater than 1. Refrigerators are commonly referred to as heat pumps of more specifically a it is a reversible heat pump because they basically pump heat. Figure 5 A simple stylized diagram of a heat pumps vapor-compression refrigeration cycle: 1)  condenser, 2)  expansion valve, 3)  evaporator, 4)  compressor. Opening a food refrigerator or freezer heats up the kitchen rather than cooling it because its refrigeration cycle rejects heat to the indoor air. This heat includes the compressors dissipated work as well as the heat removed from the inside of the appliance. The COP for a heat pump in a heating or cooling application, with steady-state operation, is: Where: ΆQcool is the amount of heat extracted from a cold reservoir at temperature Tcool, ΆQhot is the amount of heat delivered to a hot reservoir at temperature Thot, ΆA is the compressors dissipated work. EFFICIENCY The efficiency of a refrigerator (known as the coefficient of performance, COP) is defined as   For example, if 20 MJ are removed from the inside of the refrigerator by doing 7.5 MJ of work, then the coefficient of performance is equal to 20/7.5 = 2.67. SUMMARY OF THERMODYNAMIC OF A REFRIGERATOR AFTER ONE CYCLE Change in internal energy = 0 Change in heat is > 0 Total work > 0 Total volume change = 0 Change in Gibbs free energy = 0 Entropy change of the system = 0 Entropy change of the universe > 0

The Life of Christopher Marlowe :: Free Essays Online

The Life of Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe, also known as "Kind Kit" and "The Muses' Darling," is most famously known for being a pioneer in English drama. Introducing blank verse, villain-heroes, and revenge dramas to the stage, Marlowe had a huge influence on other playwrights of that time including William Shakespeare. Marlowe was born in Canterbury in 1564 to John Marlowe, a shoemaker, and Katherine Arthur, a Dover native (Henderson 7). On February 26th that year he was baptized at St. George’s Church in Canterbury (8). During the Elizabethan era, it was important that bright young boys receive proper education. A local philanthropist would usually pay tuition for a boy whose family could not afford it. When Marlowe was accepted into the King’s School, usually for sons of wealthy men, Sir Roger Manwood, a local philanthropist, allegedly paid for his education. When he died, Marlowe wrote a Latin elegy for him ("The Life"). While he was at King’s School, Marlowe studied religious instruction, learned Latin grammar, and Latin and Greek Literature. He was also well studied in ancient and modern history and was encouraged to write Latin poetry and perform plays in Latin and Greek. Upon finishing King’s School, he received a Matthew Parker Scholarship to Corpus Christi College in Cambridge, where he attended from 1580-1587 to further his studies and demonstrate a â€Å"mastery of Latin syntax and grammar.† He received his BA in 1584 to become ‘Dominus’ Marlowe ("The Life"). During the Elizabethan era, many of the best college students were recruited into the Secret Service to protect the Queen and her government. In 1584, after receiving his BA, Marlowe was recruited into the Queen’s Secret Service by Sir Francis Walshingham, England’s Secretary of State. During his time as an agent he gained respect from the Queen and her court, getting recognized as a talented writer. His political insight was â€Å"reflected in his political play about the turmoil in France, The Massacre at Paris† ("The Life"). Marlowe’s most important assignment was uncovering the Babington Plot, aimed at the Queen’s assassination and the assassination of her chief ministers in order to place Mary, Queen of Scots, as England’s Catholic queen. The Life of Christopher Marlowe :: Free Essays Online The Life of Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe, also known as "Kind Kit" and "The Muses' Darling," is most famously known for being a pioneer in English drama. Introducing blank verse, villain-heroes, and revenge dramas to the stage, Marlowe had a huge influence on other playwrights of that time including William Shakespeare. Marlowe was born in Canterbury in 1564 to John Marlowe, a shoemaker, and Katherine Arthur, a Dover native (Henderson 7). On February 26th that year he was baptized at St. George’s Church in Canterbury (8). During the Elizabethan era, it was important that bright young boys receive proper education. A local philanthropist would usually pay tuition for a boy whose family could not afford it. When Marlowe was accepted into the King’s School, usually for sons of wealthy men, Sir Roger Manwood, a local philanthropist, allegedly paid for his education. When he died, Marlowe wrote a Latin elegy for him ("The Life"). While he was at King’s School, Marlowe studied religious instruction, learned Latin grammar, and Latin and Greek Literature. He was also well studied in ancient and modern history and was encouraged to write Latin poetry and perform plays in Latin and Greek. Upon finishing King’s School, he received a Matthew Parker Scholarship to Corpus Christi College in Cambridge, where he attended from 1580-1587 to further his studies and demonstrate a â€Å"mastery of Latin syntax and grammar.† He received his BA in 1584 to become ‘Dominus’ Marlowe ("The Life"). During the Elizabethan era, many of the best college students were recruited into the Secret Service to protect the Queen and her government. In 1584, after receiving his BA, Marlowe was recruited into the Queen’s Secret Service by Sir Francis Walshingham, England’s Secretary of State. During his time as an agent he gained respect from the Queen and her court, getting recognized as a talented writer. His political insight was â€Å"reflected in his political play about the turmoil in France, The Massacre at Paris† ("The Life"). Marlowe’s most important assignment was uncovering the Babington Plot, aimed at the Queen’s assassination and the assassination of her chief ministers in order to place Mary, Queen of Scots, as England’s Catholic queen.