Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Essay

Question 8: Danny Hansford is only one of the many people whose violent deaths we learn about in the course of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Judging by their stories, what does Savannah (or Savannah society) deem grounds for murder? Why are so few of Jim William’s friends disturbed by the charges against him? Given the casualness with which Savannahians greet the Hansford case, why are they so shocked by the news [p. 333] that their city has been declared the murder capital of the United States? *Answer: In the beginning, Jim goes over the deaths that have happened in Savannah; while the others are blinded by their selfishness. For example: One of the stories known in the Savannah’s society is the death of the judge’s son. It all started when the son of the judge had an imitate relationship with the gangster’s girl; sooner or later the alpha finds out about these rendezvous. As a result, the gangster shot the boy and took his â€Å"manhood† with him. The following days, the young fellow recovered swiftly with his testicles by his side but unfortunately the doctors couldn’t repair a broken heart. At last, his misery ended when he collapsed on the front porch, breathing his last breath as Death took his life. The death of this boy was disregarded by the Savannah’s society; showing no empathy/ emotions towards his death. The few friends of Jim were disturbed because rumors have it that Jim was homosexual and had a sexual relationship with Danny Hansford (***Remember, the Savannah’s society was old-fashioned and didn’t believe in these kinds of relations. ) The Savannahians were shocked about their murder rate because in their minds, they thought they had an outlined of 1,000 untroubled suburbanites not sufficient to raise their murder rate. They were positive that the statistics was a mistake. Savannah had 54 murders/ or 22. 6 murders per 100,000 Savannah’s society blamed the deaths on the African Americans because 91% of their population was blacks. Works Cited Berendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Random House, 1994.

The Importance of Setting in a Rose for Emily

Setting often provides more then just a mere backdrop for the action in the story. It is probably the most important part of the putting together a story. In this story the setting is a reflection of the character as much as the town. The physical setting, time setting and cultural settings are all important parts of this short story, Physical setting is to give the readers a sense of what the environment is for the story. The physical setting for A rose for Emily is important because it reflect the life of Emily, the main character. In this story the setting takes place in the southern town of Jefferson. Miss Emily Grierson lived in a house that had a â€Å"big squarish frame that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies. † A house so beautiful it was meant for some body of high stature. The house was so old that is â€Å"smelled of dust and disuse. † The scenes in this story most take place in the town and in Miss Emily’s house. A great example of a physical setting is when Faulkner describes the town’s men sprinkling lime around her property to get rid of a bad smell. â€Å"As they re crossed the lawn, a window that had been darkness was lighted and Miss Emily sat in it, the light behind her, and her upright torso motionless as that of an idol. † It was almost like you were there with the men feeling the same creepy feeling, when seeing her in the window. Another great physical description of setting is when Faulkner describes Miss Emily’s death. She dies in one of the downstairs rooms, in a heavy walnut bed with a curtain, her grey head propped on a pillow yellow and moldy with age and lack of sunlight. † Faulkner does a great job at leaving us with a powerful image of the physical. Time period is an essential part to any story. It helps the reader to understand the language that is used and the way it was acceptable to live and dress. The time setting for this story takes place in the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s. In an era when black people were slaves and people of high stature were respected by all. The town in this story grows with the time but the main character Miss Emily will not. â€Å"The town had just let in the contracts for paving the side walks. † When the newer generation becomes the back bone and spirit of the town Miss Emily didn’t move ahead with the times. â€Å"When the town got free postal delivery, Miss Emily alone refused to let them fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to them. It was like Miss Emily was stuck in a particular time in the life and wanted to live like that. Culture is also important to the setting in the story being told. Miss Emily was a Grierson. The high and might Grierson’s as they were known in Jefferson. Faulkner talks about how â€Å"Miss Emily had gone to join the representatives of the august names where they lay in a cedar-bemused cemetery among the ranked and anonymous graves of the union and confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Jefferson. By describing this culture setting Faulkner is setting the tone for what kind of character Emily is, and what kind of family she had. The Grierson’s were a powerful family in Jefferson, royalty if you will, and Emily was the last of this great family. He then goes on to describe how â€Å"Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect that Miss Emily’s father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business preferred this way of repayment. † Remitting Miss Emily’s taxes was a way of showing respect for her name. Making up this tale was something only a man of his ranking at the time could do and a tale that only a woman would believe. When the town started to smell the bad smell and the men had sprinkled lime on her property to rid the bad smell. The town did not want to call her out on it because as Judge Stevens said â€Å"will you accuse a lady to her face of smelling bad? † The towns’ people all had their suspicions of what the bad smell really was. â€Å"She carried her head high enough- -even when we believed that she was fallen. â€Å"It was as if she demanded more then ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson, as if it had wanted to touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. By understanding A Rose for Emily one can see how much of an impact setting can have on the life of a person. The way it can shape one’s thoughts is incredible and sometimes unbearable to believe. Whether the setting is physical, time, or culture it is as you can se e a very important part of any story, and enables the reader to understand the character on a deeper level.

Course Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Work - Coursework Example Secondly, the entire summary has so many citation errors. For instance, Purdy v United Kingdom (2010) AC 45 was used instead of (on the application of Purdy) v DPP [2009] UKHL 45 [2010] AC 345. Moreover, the term article in law is supposed to be written with a capital letter. However, the summary had most of its â€Å"Articles† written in small letters. For instance, article 8 instead of Article8. Furthermore, there are interchanged words or rather statements in the text. For example, â€Å"judge Lord† is used severally in the entire summary. This is supposed to be written as â€Å"Lord Judge†; an acceptable statement. The entire summary is full of misused and confused tenses. For instance, â€Å"If you provided a defence to those who assisted someone to kill themselves then you would have to apply it to euthanasia as well as assisted suicide.† To correct this statement, one should focus on the use of words and the tenses that come along with them. Thus, t he statement should be written as â€Å"If you provide a defense to those who assisted someone to kill him or herself, then you should consider it euthanasia and assisted suicide.† The statement â€Å"European Court of human rights† is not written appropriately. It should be written as â€Å"European Court of Human Rights,† in line with the rules of law as well as grammar requirements. This text is full of grammar errors, this is just bet an example or rather a representation of the errors. Lastly, a year was not provided in a citation â€Å"Gross v Switserland and Purdy.† It should be written or rather cited as follows: Gross v Switzerland (A/30)(1979). Summary of R V Nicholson (2013) This case was brought by Nicholson together with other individuals to the Court of Appeal after the European court of Justice ruled against assisted suicide and euthanasia of which they were never satisfied with. The applicants were disadvantaged since they could not kill t hemselves. Thus, they proposed that others should kill them. However, Section 2 of the Suicide Act 2010 states that it is unlawful for persons to assist others to commit suicide and whoever assists will be charged with murder. Similarly, the FPP had provided guidance on how and when the murder assisters should be prosecuted. This advice came immediately after the case of Purdy v United Kingdom (2010). Therefore, the Court had to decide as to whether there is a defense to murder that is referred to as a necessity or not. In addition, the Court had to decide whether a cover for such cases is an interference with the Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1950 or not. This Act protects privacy of people. Lastly, the Court had to decide if the DPP is supposed to set out greater details as to how he would decide his discretion in prosecution cases of the kind. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights, in absence of the Lord Judge, declined to give a declaration that was requested for since it was not the responsibility of the Courts of Law to make decisions about this. Parliament is the only body with the powers to make such decisions. The issue was extremely controversial for the courts to deliver their rulings thus it was not a necessity. The court used the case of Bland to support their decision. Moreover, the court stated that the right to life is a fundamental according to the common law, under the European Act. There being no right to commit suicide, one will be prosecuted if he or she tries to. Furthermore, if you provide a substantial

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Taxation - Essay Example Rights conferred to a partner by a partnership interest are as follows: Basis refers to the asset or liability value based on the rules in accounting and taxation. Partnership comprises of two varieties of basis; outside and inside basis. Inside basis encompasses the tax records computed for each partner in the partnership. It is the sum of initial investment and profits, fewer losses and distributions. The outside basis refers to shares that cost the partner as outlined by the tax rules. It begins with sum of original investments and profits fewer losses and distributions. It depends on the worth of investment in partnership. The inside basis describes the assets in partnership for tax purposes while the outside basis depicts the capital account for taxation in partnership (Glover & Wasserman, 2003) A flow-through entity refers to a business entity, which passes income to the owners or to the investors. Such entities limit taxation by preventing double taxation, with the taxation of owners/ investors. Examples of flow-through entities include limited partnership, limited liability partnership, the S corporations, limited liability companies, income trusts, and general partnerships. Some of the advantages of the flow through entity over the regular corporation is that income, deductions or loses pass on to the shareholders on the pro-Rata basis commensuration with the ownership percentage. It reduces the chances of double taxation (Schlesinger, 2007). The generated income results from the work performed by the owners instead of the property owned by the corporation. On the other hand, regular corporations entail the shareholders risking their investment and the computation of income taxes results based on set procedures and records. The S corporations do not pay the federal income taxes. The losses and income distribute among the stakeholders who report the loss or income to personal income tax returns (Schlesinger, 2007). The common

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Music - Essay Example is first work 9 Variations in C Minor† was published in 1782, when his age was 12.At the age of 14 he was the organist in the court of â€Å"Maximillian Franz, Elector of Cologne.† His meeting with Mozart took place in â€Å"Vienna in 1787.† Mozart highly appreciated the musical talents of Beethoven. In Vienna, he took music lessons from masters like Haydan, Salieri and Albrechtsberger. His talents won him admiration in the music circles of Vienna. â€Å"He composed Opus 1, the Trios for Piano,† in the year 1794. In 1795, he gave â€Å"his first public performance† in an academy known as Vienna and then began his tour to Prague, Leipzig, Dresden, berlin and Budapest. Notwithstanding his music talents, as a person, he was known for â€Å"his impulsive behavior.† â€Å"In 1800 in a new concert at Vienna† he presented â€Å"his first symphony.† With his innovations he was crossing the established norms â€Å"of music.† In 1801, he began to realize that he was turning deaf. This health issue turned him cynical and his life was useless and purposeless with this deficiency, he thought. But his passion for music was too strong and he kept pushing to the front. He engaged himself in what is known as Beethoven music, Sonatas for Piano, the second and the third symphonies, The Eroica and in due course many such creations. He wrote his 3rd symphony in honor of Bonaparte. On April, 7, 1805, the Erocia symphony was played for the first time. His creativity began to flourish. Pastora, Coriolan Overtue and Letter for Elise are some of his immortal creations. He fell in love with several of his students. Beethoven was given an annual grant of 4,000 florins, by his rich admirers and with that assistance it was possible for him to function as an independent composer. He was free to compose what he wanted, a true freelancer, under the command of nobody. When Archduke Rudolph became Cardinal, Beethoven began to composing his mass in D. The ninth symphony was completed in 1823. Soon,

Oman Air, In The airline industy and growth opportunities Dissertation

Oman Air, In The airline industy and growth opportunities - Dissertation Example Global economic recession, escalating fuel prices, competition in the sector resulting in consolidation and financial restructurings, have all been important factors leading to transformation of the airline industry in the past decade (Rosenstien, 2013). The legacy carriers or full-service network carriers (FSNC), struggling to make profits, were forced to alter their business model to minimize losses through lower operating costs. Other factors that could help minimize losses were by eliminating unprofitable routes, or introducing newer, fuel-efficient aircrafts while grounding older, inefficient aircrafts. As the legacy carriers struggled to survive, low-cost airlines (LCA)/ low-cost carriers (LCA) continued to generate profits and expand. The low-cost model in the airlines sector was pioneered by South West Airlines (SWA) in1971 with certain features that were typical of LCA during that period. However, over the decades, the model introduced by SWA has undergone a change as competition in the LCA grew. Nevertheless, different airlines introduced different features and made changes to the original SWA model depending on the macro-environment in which they operated. However, what became apparent was that demand for low-cost travel was high and airlines in this sector continued to generate profits while the legacy carriers struggled. Oman Air (OA), the national carrier of the Sultanate of Oman, is a dynamic, growing carrier. However, Oman Air faces major challenges due to ever-increasing competition and global recession. Across the world many airlines still face losses as travel and freight have declined. Most airlines have been cutting operating costs but Oman Air is pursuing its expansion strategy (Hill, 2010). The carrier has several plans it is working on – to get into the cargo business to facilitate development of cargo in and out of the country, to bring freighters in (Aerospace & Defence, 2013) and to start a low-cost carrier (LCC) in addition to the regional service that it offers. 2.0 Oman Air - Company Information Started in the early

AN INTERVIEW WITH A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER Essay

AN INTERVIEW WITH A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER - Essay Example The main reason why I loved the idea of having this interview with Officer McGinnis while at work was because this was a rare opportunity for me to get a first hand information and experience how it feels to be a Police Officer on patrol. It was also pretty much to have a feel of being above the law without worrying that I might get pulled over for speeding since I was with an officer. One thing that came to my attention during that ride was that other drivers, especially on I-435W, drove more courteously. Nobody seemed to have over sped since they all drove within the speed limit and behind McGinnis’ cruiser. Inside the car I also noticed a lot of equipment which were used in police work and this really surprised me. Back home policemen had only a radio to communicate and a gun to protect them. Officer McGinnis explained to me that different police departments had their own jurisdictions, capabilities and respective responsibilities to maintain law and order that require state-of the-arts technology. One question I raised during the interview was on what different kinds of challenges did he experience while on- and off- duty. According to Officer McGinnis, one of his greatest challenges he faces as a police officer starts daily with the half hour briefings on legal issues which he is expected to know. Other challenges he faced include the continuous rapid change in technology (hi-tech gadgets) which he has to grasp and learn fast. They are constantly trained and retrained to update them on everything including new weapons used by criminals. They have been equipped with new laptops in the squad cars that were developed by the military, computer aided dispatch and laser pads for fingerprinting which they must learn how to use. He also explained that they have to be informed or updated all the time to prepare them for any crucial situation they might encounter while on duty. He was careful to point out that police work was not all car chases, lights and

Lone Worker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lone Worker - Essay Example From time immemorial there prevails a perennial question: 'why do people work' answer to this question is still not arrived at with a stern mark that this is the correct answer. This is because every individual has his/her own idea of the work that reflects in the answers given. However, most of the people universally contend that people work for meeting a primary need of remuneration and satisfying the selves with secondary needs by means of satiated primary needs. Keeping apart the issue of people who meet their ends without working, a sense of mutual interaction, enriched with the satisfaction of the soul, is found underlying in the concept of work. (David A. Tansik, et al, 1980). Concrete needs such as, high income, prestige good chance for promotion and security underlie the universal concept of 'work'. (Rothman Robert A. 1987) Lone worker is one works in solitude. Employees who work away from their business base are also come under this lone worker category. Mobile workers like sales people too work alone. And people who work from their home and selected group of self-employed persons are in the same band of lone worker group. In any work place, the freedom of work is the most wanted ... Mobile workers like sales people too work alone. And people who work from their home and selected group of self-employed persons are in the same band of lone worker group. In any work place, the freedom of work is the most wanted need of any worker apart from the payment of salary. People want to work at their own pace, to break at their wish, do some demy official-cum-personal bits of works such as making data entries intermittently sandwiched between cups of tea. Job satisfaction is conceived in the light of above said freedom only. (Robert Schrank, 1978). Job satisfaction is a positive emotional state reflecting an affective response to the job situation. (Edwin and Locke, 1976). Perhaps during the initial/entry stage of a job, the satisfaction over the job might creep on the individual worker in relation to the quality and productivity.. But the job satisfaction is not so strongly related to the productivity. (Grey Jerry et al,1984). Thus the job satisfaction begins to dissipate, when productivity linked perception on extrinsic rewards take a form. The urge to quit the job usually is budding at this stage. A relatively strong negative relationship exists between the intent to stay and voluntary turnover. (Steele and Ovalle et al, 1984) Self-employed persons are usually enjoying the freedom of their work. Many factory workers, office staff and even executives feel boredom in their job due to psychogenic illness and come out of the realm of the monotony to switch over to self-employment. The psychogenic illness does not spare even lone workers who are virtually alienated from their co-workers. Feeble interpersonal relations tend to create boredom and subsequently to psychogenic illness. (Michel J. Colligan, 1978). Disparity over sex and race, which were

Weekly Assignment Essay Example for Free

Weekly Assignment Essay In Moore’s proof if an external world, he is attempting to show that we can know things outside of our own us (Moore; 144). He proves this by using the example of showing his hands, pointing at one hand and saying â€Å"here is my right hand† then pointing to the other and saying the same thing (Moore; 144). He states that by just being able lift hand is proof that it exists. He provided three conditions that support his claim which are that; if his two conclusions differ from one another, which they do not. If he knew proof but did not believe it and vice versa; and finally if his conclusion did not follow the premises which it did (Moore ; 145). Moore addresses the issues that readers have about the fact that he is not answering the question. He claims that they are seeking a statement saying, â€Å"Here’s one hand and here’s the other†, to prove external existence by coming up and examining both hands (Moore; 146). This statement is meant to accommodate all the examples of proof of external objects (Moore, 147). It is very unlikely that on exists because for that statement to be true there would have to be an initial proof that a person is not dreaming which is quite difficult to do. Moore also provides an additional proof for objects that have previously existed by saying:† I held up two hands above the desk not very long ago, therefore two hands existed not very long ago and therefore at least two external objects have existed at some time in the past† (Moore; 146). He uses this as a solution to Immanuel Kant’s (1724–1804) problem of the existence of external objects; because it shows that the objects have existed at some point in time (Moore;146).

Implementing Change Report Essay Example for Free

Implementing Change Report Essay This report will help Kudlers Fine Foods in upgrading the application of a modification within the organizations sales division. The report consist of five stages in implementing change that include, Stage one managing and evaluating the change procedures, study the measurement and observation devices, and which methods to use. Stage two- monitoring the modification process for control over the modification procedures for expected possibilities for changes within the organization. Stage three recognizing at risk divisions of the modification procedure open to modification resistors including the reasons for methods that will overcome the resistors the organization needs change. Stage four explanation and advantages of the methods used in the organizations practices of improving the modification. Stage five discussions on how the methods used in the modification can affect the organizations practices. CHANGES TO IMPLEMENT Kudlers Fine Foods sales division actions relating to the sale of wine, sale of exceptional food items, and customers registering for the Kudlers wine appreciation courses are unsatisfactory. A potential modification is under consideration that will offer extra training to the current sales reps in the sales department. Additional training will inform sales employees of the issues the department is issues facing on item considered exception to the organization. The training is mandatory and every employee in the sales division must attend. In addition to training, it is important for management to implement a bonus pay structure. This will help to motivate employees to do his or her best in ensuring the sales in wine and exceptional food items increase and influence consumers register for Kudlers Fine Foods wine appreciation courses. The Kudlers Fine Foods organization believes in receiving precise modifications appealing, effective, and beneficial to the company as well as its employees. Approving and submitting an application for a modification successfully will lead the organization to a higher level profit, success, and effectiveness. The administration of Kudlers Fine Foods will use the modification control method that will help management interact a shared mission with Kudlers employees (Leban Stone, 2008). The modification control method will also inform employees on why the organization is in need of a modification and how the modification is beneficial to employees and the companys performance (Leban Stone, 2008). Managements at Kudlers main focus are properly to apply the modification to employees as well as companies stakeholders implicated in modification. MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE CHANGE PROCESS Constant supervision is important in the processes of an organizations modification application. Because of the problems in Kudlers sales division it is important for administration continuously to supervision production in every division carefully. Management must use measurements and observation devices Management should employ the use of measurement and methods of observation  and devices to obtain excellent results in which sales indications supply the current measurements of the sales performance and the retail increase. The three measurement and observation devices include The implementation of pulse conference status meetings in which management can obtain information on the status of the modification. Regular, face-to-face, and brief conference status meetings are important because it will show management the current performance of the modification and division is at risk for problems in performance (Project Management Guru, 2012). Obtaining the current status and outlining a forecast a specific period for the modification project. This assist management in assessing if the modifications projected schedule is running as planned. The modifications projected schedule variance assist management in forecasting (The Times 100, 1995-2013). The modification control record that reports the changes within duration of the application procedure. In regard to the future the modification control record will helps management to avoid problems that may occur in the process of the modification. The report is important because it will help management in monitoring the completion of each item (The Times 100, 1995-2013). ANTICIPATED OPPORTUNITIES There are often times when the modifications will cause operating and functioning capability of the organization possibilities. These possibilities may improve how the sales divisions is operating and functioning, encourage an expansion off the division, and help the organization in advising the company evaluate other divisions within the organization. Evaluating other divisions within the organization can help the organization in identifying needed in other areas in the organization. This will provide Kudlers Fine Foods the opportunity in experiencing the processes of change and how change can benefit the organization. These opportunities also can help the organization in developing a strategy that  helps the organization modify plans and processes that have failed. PARTS PRONE TO CHANGE RESISTERS Some employees often oppose change. These individuals fear changes and what a modification within the organization may do to his or her current duties. Employees may also resist change because he or she does not understand the purpose of a modification. Some employees resist change because he or she is comfortable in the way he or she has performed his or her task in the past. Acknowledging why employees oppose changes made in the organization helps the organization develop a plan that will help overcome reason he or she is opposing the purpose of the modification. Knowing that the change will benefit everyone working within the division with help inspire employees. The fewer employees resist change makes it easier for management to successful meet the goal of increasing profit and registering more clients into the wine appreciation courses. Management should ensure the he or she interacts with employees resisting the modification. Discussing issues with the employees and meeting with each employee face-to-face will help management explain how the change is beneficial to the employee and the organization. USING THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE An organizations values, activities, and beliefs are important aspects that constitute an organizations tradition. At Kudlers employees share the same kind of values, this makes the work environment a pleasant and comfortable to work. When employees share the same values the less conflict, he or she has within the workforce. To ensure modification processes advance smoothly the role of Kudlers organizational tradition are essential. The companys organizational tradition helps in developing a positive attitude in the workplace. To create a positive working environment for the organizations employees Kudler managers uses several leadership styles to interacting with employees from different cultures. . Kudlers uses a detailed description of organizational structure for  determining the level of authority an individual has over other employees and determining specific duties an employee performs. Another important structure is the vertical dimension organizational structure. This organizational structure defines which employees have the authority to make decisions and which employees will supervise the request of the decisions made; whereas the horizontal dimension organizational structure consist of separates the duties and observes the level of the employees performance EFFECT ON ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE There are several factors during the modification that may affect Kudler current organizational tradition. The modification may cause Kudlers employees to resist the changes made within the organization. The change may lead to employee conflict, the decrease in job satisfaction, and motivation. Kudler management must work properly together with the employees in the modification to avoid employee from becoming unsatisfied and discouraged. Employees may become dejected and believe that his or her performance is no longer satisfying to the companys needs. This can cause the Kudlers organizational tradition to change from an encouraging, inspiring, and pleasant environment to an undesirable, adverse, and unsatisfying environment. Together these factors key to modifying Kudlers organizational tradition. CONCLUSION Kudlers must first modify the sales division by offering employees extra training regarding the sale of wine, exceptional food items, and registering customers for the Kudlers wine appreciation courses. Second the organization must implement a bonus pay structure to motivate employees in increasing sales influencing consumers to register in the organizations wine appreciation courses. Management should employ the use of measurement and methods of observation and devices to obtain excellent results in which sales indications supply the current measurements of the sales performance and the retail increase. Evaluate other divisions within the organization to help the organization in identifying needed in other areas in the organization. Evaluating other divisions will provide Kudlers Fine Foods with the opportunity of controlling change and how change can benefit the organizations future. Acknowledging employees who oppose to organizational changes to ensure the organization develop a plan in overcoming the reason resistant to the modification. This will help aware employees that the change will benefit everyone working within the division. Interacting with employee is the important aspects that will help in establishing an organizations tradition. Modifying Kudlers organizational tradition will ensure the modification procedure proceeds efficiently and develop motivation within the work environment. References: Leban, B., Stone, R. (2008), Managing organizational change (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Project Management Guru, 2009-2012, _Project Management Monitoring and Controlling Tool Techniques_, retrieved from: http://www.projectmanagementguru.com/controlling.html The Times 100, 1995-2013_, Developing the skills for managing change,_ retrieved from: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/cmi/developing-the-skills-for-managingchange/evaluating-the-management-of-change.html#axzz2TDSg7Kpo

Mpact Of Facebook On Consumer Buying Marketing Essay

Mpact Of Facebook On Consumer Buying Marketing Essay There has been a noticeable change in the technological developments and innovation in the last few years. Undoubtedly, technology plays an important part in our lives. Most of people depend on the internet in most of their daily lives such as sending emails, searching for information; communicate with their family and friends, reading the latest news and so on. That development in technology reaches different sectors like business organizations, academic sectors, and governmental fields. In time where technology plays a great role in peoples lives, marketers are doing their best to take any chance that could bring consumers to their products and services. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, researchers predicted that the internet would alter the relationship between consumers and marketing organization (Lord, 2000; Hamel and Sampler,1998). Ward and his colleagues in 1998 predicted that in the first quarter of the twenty first century, the main channel for shopping for most consumers would be the interactive technologies (Ward et al, 1998). De Kare-Silver (2000) discusses the same idea that this technology will go with consumers need to visit shops, as it will make it easy for people to buy their needs any time without going to the actual place for these products. Many business companies that provide services or physical goods believe that using the electronic resources in their marketing is vital to their success. Porter (2001) recom mends that if companies want to remain competitors, they have to rely on technology. Using technology in marketing allows brands and companies to interact with its customers in individual basis as it provides immediate and quick interact without time limitation (Allan and Chudry, 2000). One type of technology that people and marketers depend on is social networking sites. In these social sites, people usually communicate with each other and during these conversations, they send direct messages to each other without noticing that. The number of people who use these sites are increasing day by day. In the United States around 55.6 million people have used these social sited daily in 2009 (Ostrow, 2009). Globally, Facebook, one of the main social sites, accounts for 750.000.000 registrations, Twitter has 200.000.000 followers (Qualman, 2011). In business sector, these social sites play an important role in consumers purchasing behavior. In these sites, people usually share opinion and purplish information about their view on brands they buy and services they use (Jones, 2010). Consumers use to recommend a brand or marketing organization to friends and followers. In some case, fans of a specific brands establish a page in these social sites where they write their opinion about this brand, upload and download photos of the product that the brand sell. Investigating the relation between these social sites and consumer purchasing behavior is a new trend that encourages researcher to search about. That relation affects both sides, marketers and consumers. For marketers, it helps to create a strong relationship with customers, developing a new idea for new product, and answering common daily questions from consumers (Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Silva et al, 2011). Moreover, in investigating the effect of these sites on consumers purchasing behavior, some studies have been made to find out the relation between these sides. Most of these studies improve that there is a positive relation between social sites and consumer purchasing behavior that the majority of people believe in this statements and support that by some cases where they rely on these social sites in some stages in their purchasing process such as searching for information and evaluating their choices (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). Social media usage is growing rapidly amongst marketing professionals and organisations and fast becoming a new outlet that can potentially be used to help increase customers interest in a product or service. As it becomes widespread it brings about involving customers and facilitating exchange of information bringing about shift in consumer behaviour. Through social media, information, enticing advertisement are made available to consumers easily watch and read and at the same time allowing consumers to post their own opinions and sharing it with friends. For many brands, social media appears as a way to reach new customers and to reflect their feelings and this explains the reason for which many companies are currently working on developing Social Strategies to outline the degree of interactivity that they want to have with their customers that will help consumers to make a buying decision. Successful firms use consumer attitudes and behaviors to segment markets and design marketing strategies. Today, however, consumer trust in corporations is declining while the influence of online communities on buyer behavior is growing. Social media platforms have completely changed the nature of the interaction between brands and their customers, directly impacting upon the contemporary consumer decision process. Laurens (2010) argued that while social media is not the silver bullet that some pundits claim it to be, it is an extremely important and relatively low cost touch point that has a direct impact on sales and positive word of mouth and supporting this argument Glynn and David (2009) said that Companies not actively engaging the social media are missing a huge opportunity of saying something to consumers intentionally or unintentionally about how willing they are to engage on consumers terms. Therefore, its necessary for retailers to understand how social media is affecting current consumers and how they are going to react. During the economic downturn, more and more companies have reduced their communication budget but they have increased expenses for social media by 30%. It is now a priority for big companies but they need also to change their global marketing strategy. It is also important to reach the right customer at the beginning of a social media strategy because opinion leaders, such as bloggers, are the ultimate key to a brands success (The Conversation Group 2012). As the marketing power of social media grows, it no longer makes sense to treat it as an experiment. According to Tamba (2012) Social media has a big impact on how people shop. A quarter of all purchases of FMCGs are influenced by exposure to one form of social media or another and this proportion is growing. Shoppers are weaving their interaction with social and mobile marketing into their everyday lives: As a result, big brands are increasing their social media investment. Social media can influence both impulse purchases and reg ular shopping habits when it comes to FMCGs. The trick is to understand where, when and how customers want to interact with your brand, and with your products. Social marketing for regular purchases is about strengthening and deepening the customers connection with the brand. Impulse buys are also increasingly mediated by social media especially now that so many consumers can access Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest from their mobile phones. 1.1 Statement of Problem. Most often than never, companies do not benefit from social media in a way they should have benefited from it due to their lack of strategic efforts to managing it and measure it success. Through media hypes that emphasis the ease of achieving success with social media, many companies have the believe that what they need to do to achieve success with Facebook is by just launching Facebook page and such companies get disappointed when they see no activities occurring on the page and thus they abandon the page. Common mistakes companies make is devoting a little time for social media and measuring it success on whether audience is conversing or not about their brands on their social media. Nevertheless, companies make mistakes by believing they are in total control of conversations about their companies, brands products or services on social media and they spend heavily on PR to hype their newest hires and new products whereas they forget that social media platform is all about speakin g with people but not at people and more of a community of audience that discuss about companies, their products, services or brands in a way they feel they benefit them or do not (Evans 2010). 1.2 Purpose of Study This research is carried out with the aim of appraising the impact of Facebook on Consumer buying Behaviour in the UK Grocery Market with Tesco Plc as a case study. This is to determine the effect of social media (Facebook) on the consumer buying behaviour of groceries in the UK. 1.3. Research Question What are the impacts of Facebook on consumer buying behaviour in the UK Grocery Market? 1.4 Research Objectives Following from the above highlighted aim, the following objectives have been set to achieve the above aim and followed by the research questions. To identify Facebook usage patterns among UK consumers in grocery market. Evaluate how Facebook effectively changes consumers attitude towards groceries. Investigating and evaluating the role of Facebook website as influencers on Tesco customers in UK at stages of buying decision-making process. Identify if Facebook is the social medium that has the greatest impact on consumer buying pattern of Tesco in UK. Recommendation on how Tesco should use Facebook to encourage consumers to buy their products. 1.5 The Significance of the Research This research work was undertaken to take a critical look at the impacts of a social media called Facebook on consumer buying behaviour in the UK grocery market where Tesco was used as a case study. This research therefore became imperative to undertake as a result of a noticeably new development in the UK market that aroused the interest on the issue surrounding Facebook impact on consumer buying behaviour in the UK and a well known popular FMCG trading company in UK was chosen as a case study to identify these effects of Facebook on consumer buying pattern in the UK Grocery market. Furthermore, the impact of Facebook on consumer buying pattern in grocery markets has not been looked into by researchers thus leaving a gap to identify whether social media (Facebook) really has a significant impact on consumer buying patterns in the grocery market apart form other commodities. Nevertheless, this research has also been undergone due to the keen interest the researcher has, following up to date on the social media impacts on marketing activities in this 20th century and it ability to completely erode the traditional system of marketing communication. 1.6. Scope and Limitations of the study. In investigating the impact of Facebook on consumer buying pattern in UK grocery markets, this study was only limited to Facebook which is not the only social media that consumers use to purchase groceries. The research is not applicable to other social media platforms. Furthermore, the case study adopted was only limited to one of the FMCG companies in UK and thus do not provide a sufficient information about the impact of Facebook on the consumer buying pattern in UK grocery markets 1.7 Overview The overall structure of this research consist of 5 chapters, each dwelling on a specific aspect of the topic under review This first chapter comprises of the introduction, research problem, purpose of the study, research question and objectives of the study. The rational and overview of the proposal have also been covered in this part. The literature review covers the chapter 2 of this research. This part reviews critically the impacts of social media on the buying pattern of consumers in the UK grocery markets from scholarly perspective. Conceptual framework also featured in this part of the research. Chapter 3 focuses on the methodology used in the entire research processes. The research method adopted both quantitative using closed questionnaire and qualitative method using case study approach will be adopted to collect data (Mixed method). The fourth chapter dealt with the analysis and findings of the research while then fifth chapter focused on summary of conclusion and the implications of this research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 2.0 Introduction The Literature review in chapter 2 will provide discussions from published information and an account of what has been published on the topic of this study. It explains body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to Impact of Facebook on Consumer buying Behaviour in the UK Grocery Market. In this chapter, various textbooks, articles, journals, blogs, dailies and websites were consulted to obtain related information, thoughts and quotes of various writers, authors and scholars. 2.1. Consumer Buying Behaviour In marketing, deep understanding of the behaviour of marketing is a very important tool for business success. Consumer buying behaviour is all about the determination of how consumers make decisions on the product or service they want to buy and the factors that are responsible for this decision. According to studies conducted in UK, 56% out of 11,000 new products that are launched by 77 companies in the UK are present after 5 years of new product launch. Also, studies revealed that only 8% of new products concept from 112 leading companies reached that market where 83% where unable to meet marketing objectives. Consumer buying behaviour tends to study these reasons why companies need to have a deep understanding of why consumers make the purchase they do and the factors that influence their decision to purchase (Hitesh, 2010). Because consumers are the drivers of marketing, the need to formulate well suitable marketing plans that that will critically examine consumer behavioural att ributes and needs, lifestyles and purchase process in order to make a nearly perfect marketing mix decisions. Studying what consumers buy, the reason they buy, the way they buy, time they buy, the location and frequency at which they buy are key things to understand when undertaken the study of consumer behaviour (Hitesh, 2010). Wayne et al., 2008, defined consumer buying behaviour is the reflection of the totality of consumers decisions regarding acquisition, consumption, and disposition of products and services, activities, people, ideas and experiences. Also, Dibb and simkin (2001) defined the buying behaviour of consumers as an act and decision making process of people that are involved purchasing and using products or services for personal or household consumptions. Theoretical approaches have been used by researchers to have an in-depth understanding of consumer behaviour and these approaches have been inherent in 3 psychological orientations; Reinforcement theory, Cognitive theory and Freuds psycho-analytical theory (Fill,2006), with the most popular and current approach to consumer behaviour out of the 3 approaches been the cognitive theory (Berkman and Gilson, 1986), where cognitive theory states that people use and process information they derived from internal and external sources to identify pro blems and make decisions. The major elements outlined by the cognitive theory for problem solving among consumers in their buying behaviour have been perception, learning, attitudes, and personality (Fill, 2006). Consumer behaviour goes beyond the method by which consumers purchase tangible products like groceries, clothing and automobiles but rather, consumer buying behaviour also involve consumers use of services, experiences, activities, and ideas such as going to see a General Practitioner (GP), signing up for a gym class, donating to charity, voting for politicians, seeing movies featured by certain actors etc. Consumer behaviour was also expressed as activities people get involved in when collecting, utilising and disposing products and services (Blackwell et al.,2001) or environmental factors that are aimed at creating actual behaviour (Jim,2008). Four factors namely; psychological core, process of decision making, consumers culture and consumer behaviour outcomes have been identified to affect the buying behaviour of consumers (Wayne et al., 2008) while Haydon (2009) grouped factors that affect consumer buying behaviour into 3 group namely external influences (firms marketing effort a nd consumers culture), internal processes (psychological processes and decision making) and post decision processes. Choices are been made by consumers daily and buying behaviour is said to be influenced by the characteristics (cultural, social and psychological) and the decision process that buyers make (Khursia, 2012). Furthermore, several research have been undertaken to identify the buying behaviour of consumer through social psychology and personality (Ajzen, 1987), marital status and responsibilities (Goldman and Johansson, 1978), and consumer loyalty (Suen and Wei, 2009). 2.11 Psychology of buyers Psychology of buyers must be determined by manufacturers through identification of buyers need when marketing a product to target group of customers. Buyers most often look for sense of safety and belonging, although other customers want to gain self esteem in the presence of their peers. The perception of a product by buyers must be understood when providing information about the product to buyers as there are possibilities that buyers could interpret information provided by buyers about a product on the basis of their previous beliefs and knowledge, although learning about such product may change behavior of buyers (Jeff 2012). 2.12 Behaviour of consumers Also, buyers could also buy products depending on their personalities and lifestyles. For example individual buyer that seeks to life a healthy lifestyle could go for organic foods while avoiding foods that are sun-tanned. In family situation, buying decisions are often based on what buyers perceived to be best for their family. Deep awareness on who makes decisions for family product must be understood by marketers. Among newly weds with no children, purchasing is the product of decision made by husband and wife, while the stay at home parent makes the decision in a family with young children (Jeff 2012). 2.13 Characteristics of Consumer Social class and culture up to some extent determines types, quality and quantity of products that buyers buy or use. In clothing, social class may determine the type of clothes buyers buy. Culture also greatly impacts on food where deep-fried food may be easier to sell in the south than in California. The buying process begins with a step where consumers recognise a need, or a disparity between what they possess and what they need to buy to change their condition. Also, decision to buy a product can also be based on elements such as packaging, payment methods and the features and of the product (Jeff 2012). Firms Marketing Efforts 1. Product 2. Promotion 3. Price 4. Place The Consumers Culture 1. Religion 2. Ethnicity 3. Reference Groups 4. Social class Psychological Processes 1. Motivation 2. Perception 3. Attitude 4. Knowledge Decision Making 1. Problem recognition 2.Information Search 3. Judgement 4. Decision Post -decision Processes 1. Purchase 2. Post-purchase behaviour Figure 1: Model of Consumer Behaviour 2.2 Social media Social media is a set of applications such as Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook etc built to operate on Web 2.0 platform which enables the creation and sharing of information created by users that are known as user-generated content (Kaplan and Haenlin, 2010). Social media has been expressed to be the new millennium medium of communication across the world with the most popular of all been Facebook, twitter and LinkedIn. For example, Facebook as at June, 2012 was said to have a monthly active user of 750 million people and 1 billion active users were estimated to be on Facebook by the end of 2012, thus supporting the believe of many analyst that social media marketing will out rightly replace some forms of traditional marketing such as directing mail (Fuel oil news, 2012). Social network, one of the currently used platforms by social media is said to be a very diverse and big complex concept perceive to which its knowledge require a clear identification of its scope and coverage that f orms it boundaries (George, 2008). Tracy (2008) expressed that social media existence is inherent in the context of communities that are built of people where relations are been developed and nurtured through creation, sharing, engaging and commenting in content. Social media are online tools that provide access to users with identical interest to share information that is referred to as user generated account content while also learning from others, or network in an open process (Stepenson, 2011). According to Smith and Zee (2011), Social media has been opined to be an effective way of running business other than just an ordinary marketing tool, requiring both old and new companies to embed new culture of company wide support, systems and incentives where mindset of thinking relationships and not just sales or transaction marketing must be ensured. Social media has been further explained by Smith and Zee (2011) to look beyond short term sales but should enable the culture of sharin g and listening, channelling information into organisational system that alert companies into negative and positive comments, suggestions, complaints and new ideas that are beneficial for new product development, new advertisements, new discussions and promotions. Business managers are often faced with challenges of exploiting opportunities associated with the increasing availability of social media sites like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn that is been dominated by 50% users alone in UK. Despite the fact that social media has become a very popular networks that is frequently used by consumers, while organisations are still struggling to understand and put it to use effectively (Nielsen 2010). However, despite the believe of many about the opportunities inherent in social media, some are still sceptical about its potentials due to an immense uncertainty about how it can be leveraged for a long term profits and returns as well as the ability to identify the fact that return on investment can be attributed to social media marketing efforts (Weinberg and Berger, 2010), Weinberg and David, 2005). Apart from social media exposing consumers to research and purchase considerations, social media has also provided platform through which consumers can a dvocate for the products and stores they so much valued and love (Jay, 2012). To gather information, consumers are now relying on social media to decide on which products to buy (Kozinets 2002) and the usage of social media by consumers for brand recognition, information about products and the opinion about product or service provider are most often influenced by the cultural background of consumers as consumers widely vary in their expectation of product and service quality (Donthu and Yoo 1998).Through social media, companies are offered the opportunities to understand the needs of their consumers and increase their level of satisfaction through proactive and timely response (Jay, 2012). 2.3 Usage pattern of Social media among consumers. No doubt, social media has gone through a significant transformation over years (Mangold and faulds, 2009). This significant transformation of social media and the extent to which consumers rely on social media to make purchasing decision led to the full awareness of the potentials of social media by marketers. Advent of social media has immensely changed the society, influencing consumers behaviour in terms of scanning for information on different social media to read other consumers view concerning products or services they want to purchase (Todaro, 2007). The traditional media has been greatly replaced by social networks and the awareness on social media opportunities seems unlimited as millions of Coca-cola fans on Facebook are declaring their love for the brand, most frequently viewed on YouTube been roller babies of Danones water brand Evian while thousands of consumers that patronise Starbucks work hand in hand with the brand to generate new ideas for their products. According to Trusvo et al., 2009, 1.54 billion dollars was said to have been used to implement and support social media communications in 2008 and as such, social media growths is getting quite unlimited as investment on social media are estimated to increase to 3 billion dollars in the year 2013 (Kozinets et al., 2010). 70% internet users have been discovered to trust judgements and evaluations of their fellow consumers on the social media platforms thus leaving brand generation and awareness at the mercy of social media users (Nielsen 2009). According to a survey conducted by Fishburn Hedges, more than third of UK consumers that constitute 36% are said to have engaged with companies brands through social media and this increase was driven by a common belief among 40% respondents that improving customer service is as a result social media when compared with just 7% of respondents that believed that social media has a negative impact on customer service. Furthermore, 68% of respondents that have engaged with brands through social media have believed that through social media, their concerns and their wishes have been made known to their products and service provider and more than 65% respondent expressed that social media gives them a better chance to communicate with companies(David, 2012). Fishburn_image_1 Figure 2: Usage pattern of social media among UK consumers (David, 2012). In the same vein, research conducted by YouGov Media, UK (2011) explained that the uptake and usage of social media services as a marketing tool remains favourably high among British public where Facebook is the social media site with a highest percentage of active users. 65% of online population in UK have Facebook with 95% of 16 to 20 years olds and 74% of 21-24 years old are frequently accessing Facebook social media site. The next social media site with the highest number of active users after Facebook is said to be YouTube that has 50% of all UK internet users while Twitter, Windows Live, LinkedIn, Google and Spotify have been surveyed to have 23%, 14%, 13%, 12% and 10% active online users respectively (YouGov,2012). Furthermore, study conducted among by Hiscox (2012) among entrepreneurs in UK found out that 57% of businesses use social media for marketing where 19% of these entrepreneurs use Facebook as their social media platform while 14% use linkedIn. The use of social media to support marketing efforts in UK is inherent in the fact that 53% of UK adults that use social networks follow a particular brands while 4 out of 5 internet users visit other social platforms as we as blogs. Also, in a study conducted by Jon (2011), 77% of UK 48.6 million adult were discovered to have an active Facebook profile, 15.5 million adult were investigated to be using Twitter account, 7.2 million adult use a photo sharing platform while 7.9 million UK adults use LinkedIn. Facebook was discovered to be the most popular UK social networking site with 77% of all UK users having an active Facebook profile where 80% women constitute the population of active Facebook user compared to 72% of men. How Businesses use Social Media Hiscox Insurance Figure 3: Usage pattern of social media among UK entrepreneurs (Hiscox 2012). Social Media Usage in UK infographic low res 2 Figure 4: Social Media usage pattern depending on age and gender (Jon 2011). Examining the study conducted by Dirk (2011) that proposed that the increase in the number of active user of social media was as a result of the advent of smartphones, investigated that social networks are accessed by more than half of UK users through their phones almost everyday, suggesting that overall, 35% of he UK mobile UK mobile phone population use social networks from their phones where over 44% of mobile phone users in UK are estimated to be smartphone users. uk_mobilesocialsept10-11-1 Figure 5: The Frequency of Social Networking site or Blog in UK (Dirk, 2011) 2.4. Changing consumers attitude through Social media Word of mouth has been found to be an effective means through which consumers buy products and services. Take for example an active user of Facebook with 15,000 followers finds a product valuable to him and thus recommends such product to his 15,000 followers on the social media sites and these followers also recommend the product to their followers and thus create a huge awareness for such brand through these social media medium. With the advent of social media, word of mouth and engagements which are effective means by which products are sold have been facilitated by social media. Years ago companys sale representatives only had the not less than 5 interactions a day but in the social media age, companies have increased their individual customer interactions to 100 or more (Joan et al., 2010). Favoured brands may be promoted by consumers through positive comments on social media like Facebook or twitter pages or could be through uploading the video clips about such brand on YouTube . In the same vein, when consumers are not satisfied with a particular product, consumers could use the brands social media to register their feelings of unsatisfaction about the companys product on the brands social media forum. Findings made by Dellarocas et al., 2007 found out that consumers look out for recommendations concerning products and proceed to buy such product via the traditional channel such as offline stores (Heil et al., 2010). Social media like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube etc are been used by consumers to serve as an evaluation forums where products quality or service reviewed by other consumers that have experience with such products or services are used as a determinant to determine whether such product or service would be purchased or not, and thus social media reduce uncertainty and improve efficiency of consumers online searches in products consumption process (Dwyer, 2007). Through social media, consumers have greatly influenced one another when maki ng purchasing decisions where consumers ask one another for advice on these social media platform, mimicking and observing one anothers decision and relying on these recommendations from others before purchases are made (Hasan 2008). In a study conducted by IBM in Europe, more than half of Social media users in Britain, France, Italy and even Germany often check social networks before they make decision on purchasing or not purchasing a particular good or service. 35% of active Facebook users are discovered to use Facebook page to consult people for advices about products and services. In 40% of the situation, consumers procure such product they do investigation on through the social media. Furthermore, studies have also proved that 56% of Facebook users that have become the follower of a particular brand are likely to recommend to their social network followers such brand they follow (ConversationGroup, 2012). According to MRY (Mr Young), during holiday sales, exchanges among frien ds, family and brands have a significantly direct influence on purchasing decision. Through Faceb

Teaching as a Profession Essay -- essays papers

Teaching as a Profession Individuals who enter the field of education reply to the question why teach with various answers. There is beauty, joy, and fulfillment in this profession, and these spirit-lifting emotions are the result of watching annually as a new group of children enter to learn and leave with the knowledge to achieve. Richard Dufour (2000), author of Why Teach expressed his views on the profession first by stating that teaching is not the career for everyone. He goes on to say, that the education profession has the ability to present the â€Å"unique opportunity† for individuals to cast a positive influence upon others (Why Teach, 2000, p.1). The smiles received from a room full of students when as a whole their individual needs, both educational and personal have been catered to, prompts a burst of passion in every teacher. Those who look to the profession as a career would need to nourish these perceptions in order to prevail over the negative aspects that surround the profession. The process of teaching goes far beyond the presentation of facts, it includes the dedication of both heart and time. While compensation and working conditions are the main downfalls in teaching, there are many other situations that cause individuals to turn away from the profession. Teaching is obviously a hard complex job and the individuals who answer the call, encounter many frustrations. They are required to first develop goals for classroom instruction and with these goals develop lesson plans, while implementing effective classroom management (appropriate discipline). They must also monitor and nourish the special needs of every child, and stay current on educational advancements and topic knowledge. Imagine trying to su... ...nt in the future knowledge and the chance for a humane society. President George Bush’s â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† fails to focus on the recruitment and diversity within the profession. He sets a goal for the year 2005 for every classroom to have a quality teacher but no goal for retaining these teachers. The improvement of the profession requires a national step-by-step effort. The purpose of this paper was to gather and explore information on the teaching profession and with it explore the shortage within in order to educate and strike up reform. It is clear, that reform will require a lot of time and money. The end product however, will show success within the profession thereby equaling success in the classroom. Success comes when present in the classrooms are caring and committed teachers, all with the goal of education and diversity is among them. .

Freedom of Speech & Censorship on the Internet :: social issues

Freedom of Speech & Censorship on the Internet Introduction With more and more frequency the newspapers are reporting instances of school children distributing disks of pornographic images which they have downloaded from the net and recently a university student was found to be operating such a site for material. On November 11, an Associated Press release (Phillips,1994) reported that Carnegie Mellon University had decided to block its users from accessing sexually explicit materials through the Internet: the university's president feared that the university could be prosecuted under state pornography laws if it did not control the access. Within the last week Towson State has prevented access to all of the alt.* groups on the Usenet which include alt.binaries.pictures.* which has sexually explicit pictures. Towson State has also included a warning on their home page that there may be pornographic material on the Internet. Pornographic material is not the only material to be found on the net which can raise questions of censorship and contro l: discussion of racial, political, religious and sexual topics all run the risk of offending someone, somewhere, leading to demands for control of the Internet. The question of censorship may also be raised in some unexpected places: one newsgroup is the rec.humor list, which is a collection of jokes submitted to subscribers. There are straightforwardly rude jokes but others are politically incorrect, focusing on sexual stereotypes, mothers-in-law, women and so on. It has been suggested (Interpersonal Computing and Technology, 1994) that discretionary warning labels could be attached to potentially offensive material. With warning labels like those on records this may serve to whet appetites. Warning labels involve some sort of judging and then the question is raised as to who shall be the judge. The Internet is world-wide so would the First Amendment apply in Germany? The material on the Internet which is grossly offensive by any standards, such as paedophile material, is extremely difficult to find because of its small amounts. Of the 976 obscenity cases handled between 1991 and 1993 only 11 involved computer files, while 0.3% of the obscene material seized by Customs staff in 1992-93 were computer items (Cornwall, 1994). This paper considers the question of censorship on the Internet - does it exist, in what form, should it exist and what should be censored? The Internet To understand many of the questions raised an understanding of how the Internet originated is important.