Capitalism Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism,

Capitalism Capitalism A form of economic order characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the freedom of private owners to use, buy and sell their property or services on the market at voluntarily agreed prices and terms, with only minimal interference with such transactions by the state or other authoritative third parties. Communism 1.Any ideology based on the communal ownership of all property and a classless social structure, with economic production and distribution to be directed and regulated by means of an authoritative economic plan that supposedly embodies the interests of the community as a whole. Karl Marx is today the most famous early theoretician of communism, but he did not invent the term or the basic social ideals, which he mostly borrowed and adapted from the less systematic theories of earlier French utopian socialists -- grafting these onto a philosophical framework Marx derived from the German philosophers Hegel and Feuerbach, while adding in a number of economic theories derived from his reinterpretation of the writings of such early political economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. In most versions of the communist utopia, everyone would be expected to co-operate enthusiastically in the process of production, but the individual citizen's equal rights of access to consumer goods would be completely unaffected by his/her own individual contribution to production -- hence Karl Marx's famous slogan "From each according to his ability; to each according to his need." The Marxian and other 19th century communist utopias also were expected to dispense with such "relics of the past" as trading, money, prices, wages, profits, interest, land-rent, calculations of profit and loss, contracts, banking, insurance, lawsuits, etc. It was expected that such a radical reordering of the economic sphere of life would also more or less rapidly lead to the elimination of all other major social problems such as class conflict, political oppression, racial discrimination, the inequality of the sexes, religious bigotry, and cultural backwardness -- as well as put an end to such more "psychological" forms of suffering as alienation, anomie, and feelings of powerlessness. 2.The specifically Marxist-Leninist variant of socialism which emphasizes that a truly communist society can be achieved only through the violent overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a "dictatorship of the proletariat" that is to prepare the way for the future idealized society of communism under the authoritarian guidance of a hierarchical and disciplined Communist Party. 3.A world-wide revolutionary political movement inspired by the October Revolution (Red Oktober) in Russia in 1917 and advocating the establishment everywhere of political, economic, and social institutions and policies modeled on those of the Soviet Union (or, in some later versions, China or Albania) as a means for eventually attaining a communist society. Socialism A class of ideologies favoring an economic system in which all or most productive resources are the property of the government, in which the production and distribution of goods and services are administered primarily by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which any remaining private production and distribution (socialists differ on how much of this is tolerable) is heavily regulated by the government rather than by market processes. Both democratic and non-democratic socialists insist that the government they envision as running the economy must in principle be one that truly reflects the will of the masses of the population (or at least their "true" best interests), but of course they differ considerably in their ideas about what sorts of political institutions and practices are required to ensure this will be so. In practice, socialist economic principles may be combined with an extremely wide range of attitudes toward personal freedom, civil liberties, mass political participation, bureaucracy and political competition, ranging from Western European democratic socialism to the more authoritarian socialisms of many third world regimes to the totalitarian excesses of Soviet-style socialism or communism.

the wicked shall inherit the e essays

the wicked shall inherit the e essays In the movie Pennies from Heaven there are many characters that lead unscrupulous lives. These characters seem as if they are unable to separate the real world from the song-like dream world in their heads. This alternate reality seems to enable them to behave terribly, and then think nothing of it. In fact, this movie seems to portray that the worse a person is, the better everything turns out for them. The main character in this movie is a man by the name of Arthur Parker. Arthur is the perfect example of this; he is a very selfish character. He demonstrates how selfish he is right from the start of the movie. In the beginning he lies to Joan in order to take her inheritance. Arthur wants to buy a store and start a business selling records. He tells Joan that he went to the bank and the manager said, Borrow what you like. A fellow like you is no risk, no risk at all. Joan questions him by asking. Is that true Arthur? He then makes her feel bad for not giving him the money by saying, I said I dont want it. My wifes got some cash and shell support me. Since Joan questioned Arthurs honesty, it is obvious that he has deceived her in the past. As a matter of fact she was right to question him, because he was lying to her. He didnt go to the bank until after their discussion, and when he did go he was turned down. Another time Arthur acted deceitfully was when he pretended to be sweet and innocent regarding Eileen Everson. When he first met her he was in a music store, after she left the owner made the comment, You know what she needs dont ya? Arthur pretended to be upset at this when he replied, Dont talk about a lady like that. On another occasion Arthur was in a bar with a few companions and let on that he met a girl. They ask him a few questions regarding whether or not he had sex with her. Their questioni...

Call vs Put Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Call vs Put Options - Essay Example Again, they are guaranteed of no losses. Financial options are perhaps a better way to attract investors in stock companies and encourage them to invest. However, I think because they are not ready to take risks with their shares they could be at a disadvantage if their stocks are bought or sold at higher values other than the agreed upon values. In my opinion, financial options can be good or bad. The buying contracts reduce risks in the event of a negative outcome. The buyer is somewhat protected while the trader increases gains and reduces losses. This is especially important given the volatile nature of the stock market as affected by issues such as fluctuating interest rates, exchange rates, and other market forces. Perhaps a major disadvantage of the two options is losing part of, or the whole contract price. Again, there is the risk of broker insolvency or non-fulfillment of contractual

CONFLICT AND IDENTITY THEME BETWEEN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND CHECHNYA Essay

CONFLICT AND IDENTITY THEME BETWEEN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND CHECHNYA - Essay Example Despite the fact that the two superpowers were allies during the World War II, they, however, differed on views pertaining to post-war reconstruction as one was pursuing capitalism, while the other was socialism, and this diversion is said to be the root cause of the world's bipolarity. The USSR sought alliances from its established satellites in Eastern Europe as well as Latin America and South East Asia, influenced these nations towards Socialism and Communism, while the U. S. sought the containment of communism and established several alliances to this end, particularly in Western Europe and the East. The USSR found allies in other communist regimes in Eastern Europe such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Romania, East Germany, and Finland, making the political machinery and arsenal of Communism spread strongly. Despite informal expression of war between the US and USSR, the Cold War period was characterized by international crises such as the Korean War in 1950-53, the Berlin Blockade in 1948-49, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War in 1959-1975, the Soviet-Afghan War in 1979-89, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 (Wohlforth 1993). However, the potential for mutually assured destruction through deliverable nuclear weapons deterred direct military attacks between the US and USSR. When the Cold War drew close to the period of 1990s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika, unclothing the real face of classical revisionism, which he called Socialism, while the US increased diplomatic, economic, and military pressure on the USSR. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 alongside the ideologies of revisionism, the United States was left as the only triumphant superpower in a unipolar world. As this paper intends to present an artifact that would convey a conflict and identity between Prague and another country under USSR during the cold war, such artifact chosen is the ammunition relic. The ammunition relic is so chosen since it fits tremendously in the then existing military and political turmoil caused against the Czech and Chechen people in the spread of communism. Apparently, the two capitals held in focus for this purpose are Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Grozny (Chechen Republic). The ammunition relic has a corresponding significant in terms of the ongoing construction and promotion of the national identity of the two countries in respect of the Cold War conflict. It symbolizes control, power, domination, and repression of people by their governments in the latter's pursuit for world recognition of the government systems that they upheld. The Relationship Between the USSR and Czechoslovakia During the Cold War The beginnings of communism in Czechoslovakia ensued in the post-World War II era. On May 1945, the USSR liberated its capital - Prague - from the Germans after a popular uprising. The mark of the true emergence of communist power in Czechoslovakia began in 1948 upon organized mass strikes by communist party members, leaving the government

Project management and the problem of project escalation Essay

Project management and the problem of project escalation - Essay Example As Keil suggested in his article, there are four factors that contribute to escalation, namely: project factors, psychological factors, social factors, and organizational factors. In this respect, effectively addressing escalation must, therefore, centre on addressing these factors.   First, it is important to complete a comprehensive cost-benefit and risk analysis at the initial planning stage in order to give project managers sufficient information with regard to decisions regarding the IT project. This will be able to address the objective factors that are caused by poor judgment on the scale of a project.Second, it is also important for the project team, preferably with the help of a professional not to the team, to establish protocols and standards to serve as indicators that will signal when a project must be abandoned, and when it is still salvageable. A separate quality analyst must also be employed to monitor these indicators and compare it with the project team’s p rogress. This will place part of the responsibility in abandoning a project on an outsider who will not be affected by the same psychological factors that plague project managers.   Third, it is also imperative to promote teamwork and a cooperative atmosphere within a project team to ensure that rivalry or any negative behavior that can affect a team’s ability to make sound decisions are not compromised. In this respect, team-building activities will be beneficial.   Fourth, in order to avoid pressure.

Deformation Effects: Energy Gap in LDA and GW Approximation

Deformation Effects: Energy Gap in LDA and GW Approximation Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements indicating the importance of many-body  effects in reduced dimensional systems. We performed ab initio calculations based on density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory in the GW approximation. To illustrate our  results, we consider a (8; 0) single wall carbon nanotube and by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation  calculate the macroscopic dielectric function à Ã‚ µ for both the undeformed and deformed nanotubes. The radial deformation is obtained by squeezing the nanotube in the y direction and elongating in  the x direction. Results show a decrease in band gap and a red shift in exciton transition energies  for nanotubes of elliptical cross-section. The deformation can be proposed as ideas for the achieve  to less excitonic energy. We implement the method in the ABINIT code for ground and excited  states calculations. Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are cylindrical structures that formed by rolling up a graphene  sheet. SWNCTs geometric structures describe by chiral  vector or positive integer pairs (n,m). Nanotubes with  (n,0) chirality is said to be of zigzag carbon nanotubes,  with (n,n) are armchair nanotubes and tubes with (n,m)  are chiral nanotubes. In the zone folding approximation if the difference   between these two integers (n,m) is an integer multiple  of 3, tubes are metal, otherwise, the tubes show semiconducting properties1. The observation and synthesis of single-walled  carbon nanotubes in recent years, making possible  the experimental study of the optical properties of  individual SWCNTs. Because of the nature of quasione-dimensional carbon nanotubes many-body effects  have an important in uence on their optical properties  and failure of single-particle theories not unexpected. The rst optical data for carbon nanotubes was  obtained in 1999 by Kataura2, which reports the transitions energies (Eii) as a function of the tube diameter  for nanotube with different chirality (n,m). A few years later with the precise spectroscopy3 showed  some deviations from the analysis of Kataura. In particular, the ratio (E22=E11), predicted to be equal  to 2 in the approximation where bands are linear close  to Fermi energy4 was found to be smaller3, and this  problem was not justi ed by single-particle theories, this  problem so-called ratio problem in SWCNTs5. Recent predictions based on rst principles calculations and semi-empirical approaches show the existence  of exciton with high binding energy in the carbon  nanotubes, so that the unknown effects observed in  the optical spectra of nanotubes can be attributed to  excitons and by considering the excitonic effects the  ratio probem would be solved. An evidence for the excitons in carbon nanotubes is  obtained in the theory6 and experiment3. A theoretical approach is the rst principles calculations of optical  spectra of carbon nanotubes, using the Bethe-Salpeter  equation. These calculations show exciton with large  binding energy in semiconductor nanotubes and even excitonic effects in metallic nanotubes6. In the present work, we obtain optical spectra with ab  initio calculations for Bethe-Salpeter equation for nanotubes of elliptical cross-section. To illustrate our results, we consider a (8,0) single wall  carbon nanotube, then in our model squeezing the nanotube in the y direction and elongating in the x direction,  we study quasiparticle band structures and excitation energies for nanotubes with elliptical cross-section. With  this model, the deformation effects on the exciton energies is investigated. However, so far the excitation energies are calculated  for nanotubes with elliptical cross-section, but this calculation is done with single-particle approach that regardless of the excitonic effects. Shan and Bao7 investigated the deformation effects on  the optical properties of carbon nanotubes based on  the tight-binding model and describe the deformation  of SWCNT under stretching, compression, torsion, and  bending, they were shown the shifting, merging, and  splitting of Van Hove Singularities in the DOS, and optical absorption properties variation with strains. We present a framework to predict the optical absorption of deformed SWNTs using the Bethe-Salpeter equation with many-body approach, so far this work has not  been done. The results can be employed to understand  and guide experimental studies of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on the CNTs. With density functional theory can be calculated  ground state energy and charge density for a many-body  interacting system. We obtain the DFT wave functions  and eigenvalues of (8,0) SWCNT by solving the Kohn-Sham equations8 within the local density approximation, with Teter Pade parametrization9 for the exchange correlation functional implemented in the ABINIT computational package10. The code uses a plan-wave basis set and a periodic supercell method. For all studied systems, we have used the ab initio normconserving Troullier-Martins pseudopotentials11 and (1140)  Monkhorst-Pack k-grid sampling of the Brillouin zone  was taken, for the self-consistent calculations with an energy cutoff 60 Ry. In the end of LDA calculations, we compare our LDA  calculations with results obtained using the QUANTUM  ESPRESSO12 package with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof  approximation and Ultrasoft pseudopotentials in a planewave basis. There is no difference between the two calculations for bandgap (8,0) carbon nanonotube13. Density functional theory is used to study the ground  state of the system and this theory cannot be used in  the prediction of excited states. In the investigation of  the excited states, the amount of band gap is greater  than that is observed with the LDA calculations. So beyond the DFT should use a theory that describes excitations correctly. Our approach is the many-body perturbation theory14 based on the concept of quasi-particles  and Greens function. In this theory, the quasi-particle  energies obtain by solving the following equation that  so-colled Dyson equation: Where T is the kinetic energy, Vext is the external potential, and VHartree is the average Hartree potential. is the self energy of the electrons and the indices refer to  Bloch states n, k, thus problem of nding quasi-particle  energies decreases to the problem of nding self-energy. A good approach that has been used extensively  for nding of self-energy is the GW approximation of  Hedin15. In the GW approximation, using the following  equation, self-energy (r; r†²;E) can be calculated: Here G is the Greens function of the electrons and  W = ..1v is the screened Coulomb interaction determined by the inverse dielectric matrix ..1(r; r;E) and  + is a positive in nitesimal time. Greens function is obtained with the Kohn-Sham wave  functions and eigenvalues: Since the wave functions are obtained with the LDA are  appropriate, a rst order approximation is sufficient to  correct the LDA energies, for this reason quasi-particle  energies derived from the rst-order perturbation theory  by the following equation: Where V LDA xc is the exchange-correlation potential and  Zn;k is the renormalization factor of the orbital de ned  as Zn;k = (1 à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ @[emailprotected])à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1j E=ELDA n;k . In the equation (2), sigma is a convolution of G and W,  this part of the calculation is very complex, because the  matrix à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 GG†² (q; !) (in reciprocal space) must calculate for  all frequencies !, in direction of the real and imaginary  axis. Since only the value of the integral is important,  with a simple and acceptable model can calculate the  integrals. In this model the frequency dependence the  matrix à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 GG†² (q; !) calculate with a plasmon pole model16: In this equation, ÃŽ ©2 GG†² (q) and ~!(q) are the parameters of  model, the nal values for the parameters in this model  is found in Ref. 16. Dielectric function in this model is  approximated as a single-peak structure, this peak placed  in the plasmon frequency !p. Plasmon pole model not  only reduces computation, but also makes an analytic  calculation of the relation (2). With the GW calculations, correction to the energy  gap of the carbon nanotube is obtained. The ABINIT  package has been used for the Hybertsen-Louie plasmon  pole model calculations. For all the GW calculations,  the energy cutoff is 36 Ry for the evaluation of the bare  Coulomb exchange contribution x, and 24 Ry for the  correlation part c. With the many-body perturbation theory, can be calculate the excitation energies with obtaining self-energy  using the GW approximation. In fact, an optical absorption will build a pair of bound electron-hole or exciton. For the calculation of excitation energies, a good agreement between experiment and theory to be achieved  when the interaction between the electron and hole are  also considered. BSE17 takes into account coupling between electron and hole and absorption spectra that obtained by solving this equation, is more consistent with  the experimental results. Bethe-Salpeter equation written for a bound two-body system, in condensed matter  this equation has the form of as follows: Where the quasiparticle energies Ec;Ev enter on the diagonal, and the indices v, c refers to the occupied valence  and empty conduction band states,Wand V are screened  and bare Coulomb potentials, respectively. By solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, exciton energies are calculated. In order to have an observation for  the excitonic energies, the macroscopic dielectric function  is calculated using the following equation18: Where the Avc s is exciton amplitude and Es is exciton  energy. The relation between the imaginary part of à Ã‚ µM  to the frequency ! gives the absorption spectrum. In ABINIT, we use the option to evaluate the response  function recursively with Haydock algoritm19 and TammDancoff approximation14. Calculations of optical properties via BSE are more expensive computationally. For  both undeformed and deformed SWNTs, the BSE kernel,  in which the energy cutoff is 16 Ry for V and W. Fig. 3 shows the band structure for undeformed (8,0)  SWNT. According to the band structure, this SWNT is  a semiconductor and amount of band gap is 0:57 eV. We  repeat the same calculation for elliptical tubes, with the  previous parameters (the same cutoff energy, number  of kpoint, : : 🙂 and only the geometry of the tube will  change. Fig. 4 shows the band structure for deformed (8,0)  SWNTs with different values of . In this calculation,  the band gap decreases from Egap = 0:57 eV at = 1:0  to the closing point, Egap = 0:0 eV at = 0:7. the energy gap is 0:49 eV , 0:26 eV for A, B elliptic nanotubes,  respectively. For D, E and F, elliptic nanotubes no band  gap is found. In this calculation, A, B elliptic nanotubes remained  semiconductor and the C elliptic nanotube represents  the boundary of the metal. In this approximation D, E  and F, elliptic nanotubes are metal. By this calculation we show that when the deformation  is highly intense, the band gap decreases and one  insulator-metal transition occurs. In the second stage, we calculate correction band  gap energy and quasi-particle band structure with GW  approximation. Fig. 5 shows the quasiparticle band  structure for undeformed (8,0) SWNT, in the GW  approximation band gap is 1:76 eV that is greater than  the amount predicted in the LDA. Result for undeformed nanotube agrees well with  ab initio calculations presented in Ref. 6, that the  calculated value of the quasiparticle energy gap is given: 1:75 eV for undeformed (8,0) SWCNT. We perform  one-shot GW or G0W0 model where the convergence  studies have been carried out with respect to various  parameters (naumber of bands, cutoff energy, . . . ). In the previous stages, A, B elliptic nanotubes  remained semiconductor and the C elliptic nanotube  represents the boundary of the metal. We performed  GW calculations only for semiconducting nanotubes.   Fig. 6 shows the quasiparticle band structure and the  calculated value of the quasiparticle energy gaps that  they are 1:65 eV , 1:34 eV for A, B elliptic nanotubes,  respectively, and for the C elliptic nanotube no band  gap is found. For deformed nanotubes only the ground  state energy is calculated by many-body approach in  Ref. 20, so far no GW calculations have been done for  deformed nanotubes to compare our results with them. With the GW calculations, we conclude that when the  deformation is highly intense the band gap decreases,  too. We show the evolution of the energy band gap  (Egap) as a function of radial deformation in the Fig. 7,  where the band gap in LDA and GW calculations  represents for nanotubes with different values of the  deformation. The values of the contributions of LDA exchangecorrelation potential Vxc, the exchange x and the  correlation c part of the self energy are displayed in  Table I-Table IV. Results are for plasmon pole models,  in the Hybertsen-Louie approach presented in Ref. 16. We calculate the screened interaction W(! = 0)  be expressed in terms of the inverse dielectric matrix  ..1(r; r;E), which describes screening in a solid when  local elds due to density inhomogeneities and manybody effects are taken into account, to obtain self energy  by (2). However, we found gap correction for undeformed  and deformed nanotubes, but electron-hole interaction  decreased the excitation energy in these structures. The  calculations include the electron-hole interaction (excitonic effects) are closer and better values to experiment. In the third stage the macroscopic dielectric function  Ãƒ Ã‚ µM(!) has been calculated by (7) including local eld  effects with solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation.   In Fig. 8 A1 and B1 are peak for undeformed SWNT,  A2, B2 and A3, B3 are for A, B deformed SWNT,  respectively. The gure shows that with apply more deformation  A,B peaks shift to lower energy, and red shift occurs in  the optical spectra of carbon nanotubes. Therefor the  low energy exciton can be occurred by deformation on  the nanotubes. Table V shows the values of lowest two  optical transition energies for the undeformed SWCNT  in the present work and, ab initio calculations and  experiment. The value of ratio E11=E22 = 1:18 for the  (8,0) tube is in agreement with the experiment findings  of Bachilo et al3. Bachilo and coworks in their work  with Spectrouorimetric measurements obtained rst  and second transition energies for more than 30 semiconductor CNTs with different (n,m). their results shows  ratio equal to 1.17 for the (8, 0) nanotube and 1.85 for  nanotube with a diameter larger, while a single-particle  model, such as a tight bonding model is expected 2 value for this ratio. In considering excitonic effects the  ratio problem will be resolved and th ese calculations  give us better results. We rst obtains values of the  rst and second excitation energy for the undeformed  SWNT and were compared with computational and  exprimental values, then we repeated calculations for  deformed nanotubes to get results. Table VI shows  lowest two optical transition energies for the undeformed  and deformed SWNTs. The value of E11 and E22  decreases with deformation. In conclusion, we study the optical absorption  spectra of deformed and undeformed semiconducting   small-diameter SWCNT and survey the agreement with  available experimental data. We show by applying  deformation on the nanotubes one insulator-metal  transition occurs, and peaks shift to lower energy,  and red shift occurs in the optical spectra of carbon  nanotubes. The deformation can be proposed as ideas  for achieving to less excitonic energy. The results can  be employed to understand and guide experimental  studies of electronic and optoelectronic devices based  on the carbon nanotubes. So far GW calculations and  absorption spectra with excitonic effects for deformed  tubes has not been obtained. We investigate deformation effects on the energy gap  in LDA and GW approximation and optical spectra including excitonic effects. These calculations shows that  with apply deformation on the SWNT structure, energy  gap decrease, and lowest two optical transition energies  for the deformed SWNTs shift to lower energy. The deformation can be proposed as ideas for the achieve to less  excitonic energy. The results can be employed to understand and guide experimental studies of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on the carbon nanotubes. We compare our results with experimental data and  ab initio calculations for undeformed nanotube, then repeat calculations for deformed nanotubes and investigate  deformation effects on the energy gap in LDA and GW  approximation and optical spectra. Investigation of excitonic effects so far has not been done with many-body  approach for Bethe-salpeter equation for deformed nanotubes. Results are agreed with sing-particle calculations  that presented in Ref. 7.

Contradicting Character of The Sniper Essay -- The Sniper

Contradicting Character of The Sniper In this Irish war we have two sides, but this can also be reflected in the two sides within the Sniper himself. The Sniper seems experienced yet amateur, cold yet emotional, lusting for war yet hating it, self-assured yet vulnerable, and clear-minded yet mad; he is a living contradiction. The Sniper exhibits qualities that are both experienced and amateur. O’Flaherty describes the Sniper as â€Å"a man who is used to looking at death†, from which we can infer that the sniper has seen many deaths, since a person who is exposed frequently to death gradually grows senseless to it. In the passage, â€Å"There was a flash and a bullet whizzed over his head. He dropped immediately.†, we can tell from the â€Å"dropped immediately† that the sniper has exceedingly quick reflexes, something usually apparent in those who are experienced in the techniques of war. By contrast, the Sniper also possesses many traits of an amateur soldier. He is described as having â€Å"the face of a student†, and had been fasting because â€Å"he was too excited to eat†. The word â€Å"student† has the connotation of one who is young, inexperienced, and still learning, while his excitement implies that this fighting was new to him, because most people tend to be excited at new experiences.   Furthermore, when passage states that as he heard the enemy car draw nearer â€Å"his heart beat faster†, which is another portrayal of his eagerness and desire to fight. Thus we see a disparity in the Sniper’s character, which is both experienced and amateur. Another contradiction with the Sniper is that he is both apathetic and emotional. O’Flaherty described his eyes as having a â€Å"cold gleam†, and â€Å"cold† has the connotation of lacking feeling. In the scen... ...his mental strain grows as in the midst of anger he â€Å"laughs†, although he has no reason to laugh what we picture as a maniacal laugh. Moreover, the sniper was drunk: â€Å"Taking the flask from his pocket, he emptied it at a draught. He felt reckless under the influence of the spirit†. The feeling of recklessness combines with his already crazy state of maniacal laughing to portray a sniper that has gone quite mad. In conclusion, the Sniper is, interestingly, a complete contradiction in himself. He is both experienced and amateur, cold and emotional, lusting after war and hating it, self-assured and vulnerable, and logical and mad. This stark paradox may create much of the inner conflict that goes on within the Sniper, and also reflects the outer conflict of the Irish war- a war where both sides are essentially opposing parts of the same whole.